game-library/data/sources/MCWP 3-11.3 Scouting and Patrolling.txt

SOURCE: /mnt/d/GoogleDrive/Cercetasi/carti-camp-jocuri/MCWP 3-11.3  Scouting and Patrolling.pdf
CONVERTED: 2025-01-11
==================================================


--- PAGE 1 ---
MCWP 3-11.3
Scouting and Patrolling
U.S. Marine Corps
Distribution Statement A: approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
PCN 143 000075 00

--- PAGE 2 ---
To Our Readers
Changes: Readers of this publication are encouraged to submit suggestions and changes that
will improve it. Recommendations may be sent directly to Commanding General, Marine
Corps Combat Development Command, Doctrine Division (C 42), 3300 Russell Road, Suite
318A, Quantico, VA 22134-5021 or by fax to 703-784-2917 (DSN 278-2917) or by E-mail to
morgannc@mccdc.usmc.mil.R ecommendations should include the following information:
Location of change
Publication number and title
Current page number
Paragraph number (if applicable)
Line number
Figure or table number (if applicable)
Nature of change
Add, delete
Proposed new text, preferably double-spaced and typewritten
Justification andlor source of change
Additional copies: A printed copy of this publication may be obtained from Marine Corps
Logistics Base, Albany, GA 3 1704-5001, by following the instructions in MCBul 5600, Ma-
rine Corps Doctrinal Publications Status. An electronic copy may be obtained from the Doc-
trine Division, MCCDC, world wide web home page which is found at the following universal
reference locator: http://www.doctrine.usmc.mil.
Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine or feminine gender is
used, both men and women are included.

--- PAGE 3 ---
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
Headquarters United States Marine Corps
Washington, DC 20380-1776
17 April 2000
FOREWORD
1. PURPOSE
Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-11.3, Scouting and Patrolling,
provides the doctrinal foundation and the tactics, techniques, and procedures for
scouting and patrolling conducted by Marines from the fire team to the company level.
Although the information focuses on infantry units, much of the information is also
applicable to combat support units that are assigned patrolling missions.
2. SCOPE
MCWP 3-11.3 provides all Marines with the instructional material they need to build
the skills necessary to become effective scouts and patrol team members. This
publication provides the fundamentals of scouting and patrolling and their relationship
to each other. It also addresses organizational structure of teams and patrols, the
training required to develop teamwork, and reporting requirements.
3. SUPERSESSION
MCWP 3-11.3 supersedes Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 6-7, Scouting and
Patrolling, dated 6 January 1989.
4. CERTIFICATION
Reviewed and approved this date.
BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS
j.Ti(cid:18)LocL-'
J. E. RHODES
Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps
Commanding General
Marine Corps Combat Development Command
DISTRIBUTION: 143 000075 00

--- PAGE 5 ---
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I. SCOUTING
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Scouting
1001 Purpose 1-1
1002 Required Scouting Skills 1-1
Chapter 2. Terrain, Maps, and Direction
2001 Terrain Features 2-1
2002 The Lensatic Compass 2-1
2003 Stars, Sun, and Other Features 2-5
2004 Range Determination 2-6
Chapter 3. Enemy Activity
3001 Estimating Enemy Strengths 3-1
3002 Interpreting Signs and Tracks 3-1
3003 Knowing the Enemy 3-2
Chapter 4. Daylight Scouting
4001 Cover and Concealment 4-1
4002 Camouflage 4-2
4003 Individual Movement 4-3
4004 Route Selection 4_S
Chapter 5. Night Scouting
51
5001 Night Vision
5002 Appearance of Objects 5-3
5003 Sounds
53
5004 Smells and Touch
5005 Clothing and Weapons 5-3
5006 Concealment 5-3
5007 Aids to Night Scouting 5-4
5008 Aids to Night Movement 5-4
5009 Locating and Plotting the Enemy at Night 5-6
50010 Routes of Movement 5-8
Chapter 6. Observing and Reporting
6001 Observation Posts 6-1
6002 Reporting 6-2

--- PAGE 6 ---
MCWP 3-11.3
Chapter 7. Scouting Fire Team
7001 Positioning 7-1
7002 Locating Enemy Positions 7-2
7003 Action With an Attacking Platoon 7-2
7004 Action With an Enveloping Unit 7-5
PART 2. INFANTRY PATROLLING
Chapter 8. Fundamentals of Infantry Patrolling
8001 Defmitions 8-1
8002 Relation of Patrolling to Scouting 8-1
8003 Purpose 8-1
8004 Types of Patrols 8-1
8005 Training 8-2
8006 Keys to Successful Patrolling 8-3
Chapter 9. Patrol Organization
9001 General Organization 9-1
9002 Task Organization 9-1
Chapter 10. Patrol Preparation
10001 Mission 10-1
10002 Factors Influencing Patrol Size 10-1
10003 Commander's Duties 10-1
10004 Patrol Leader Duties 10-2
Chapter 11. Movement to and Return from the Objective Area
11001 Passage of Lines 11-1
11002 Organization for Movement 11-1
11003 Control Measures for Movement 11-4
11004 Precautions at Danger Areas 11-5
11005 Hide 11-6
11006 Immediate Actions Upon Enemy Contact 11-6
11007 Patrol Leader's Action in a Developing Situation 11-10
11008 Return From Objective Area 11-10
Chapter 12. Reconnaissance Patrols
12001 General Missions 12-1
12002 Specific Missions 12-1
12003 Types of Reconnaissance 12-2
12004 Task Organization 12-2
12005 Size of Reconnaissance Patrols 12-3

--- PAGE 7 ---
Scouting and Patrolling
Reconnaissance Equipment .
12006 12-3
12007 Reconnaissance Patrol Actions at the Objective Area 12-3
Chapter 13. Combat Patrols
13001 Task Organization 13-1
13002 Equipment 13-1
13003 Raid Patrols 13-1
13004 Contact Patrols 13-3
13005 Ambush Patrols 13-3
13006 Security Patrols 13-7
13007 Urban Patrols 13-8
Chapter 14. Information and Reports
14001 Reporting 14-1
14002 Captured Items 14-1
14003 Prisoners 14-2
14004 Patrol Report 14-2
14005 Patrol Critique 14-2
A-l
Appendix A. Patrol Warning Order
B-i
Appendix B. Patrol Order
Appendix C. Patrol Evaluation Checklist C- 1
Appendix D. Ambush Formations D-1
Appendix E. Acronyms E- 1
F-i
Appendix F. References

--- PAGE 9 ---
PART I. SCOUTING
CHAPTER 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF SCOUTING
Scouting involves observing terrain andlor the enemy, and accurately reporting
those observations. Scouting requires proficiency in the use of weapons, cover
and concealment, route selection, and skill in unobserved day or night movement.
the enemy, the terrain, and adjacent friendly units.
1001. PURPOSE Well-trained scouts and capably led patrols are among
the most effective means the commander has for
acquiring the information necessary to plan tactical
When an infantry unit is not actively fighting the actions and make decisions in execution.
enemy, it should be actively searching forthe enemy,
which is the primary purpose of scouting. The unit
attempts to keep the enemy off balance while making
preparations for further attacks. Physically locating 1002. REQUIRED SCOUTING SKILLS
and keeping the enemy off balance are normally
accomplished by small units ranging from a two-
person scouting party to a squad-size patrol. To be effective, a scout must be able to—
• Recognize terrain features.
Infantrymen are sent out as scouts or as members of a
patrol because the commander needs information • Read a map and determine direction.
about the enemy, terrain, and the location of friendly
• Practice and implement the principles of cover and
troops. The lives of the entire unit may depend upon
concealment.
the success or failure of a scout or patrol and the
accuracy and timeliness of the report. The success of • Fully utilize movement and route selection.
the scout or patrol will depend upon their training, • Know the enemy (estimate enemyunit composition
preparation by the commander, and understanding and strength).
their mission and the commander's requirements.
• Observe and report information accurately.
To wage combat successfully, a commander must • Select routes and move through numerous types of
have accurate, detailed, and timely information about terrain.

--- PAGE 11 ---
CHAPTER 2. TERRAIN, MAPS, AND DIRECTION
A scout must understand map symbols, identify elevations from coinnttoeruvral
lines, scale distance on a map, relate natural and man-made features shown on the
map to the actual features on the ground, plot a course from one point to another,
and locate his current position. To relate a map to the actual terrain and its
features, a scout must be able to orient it to the ground using a compass, two
points, a watch, and the sun or the stars.
The standard compass for general use in the Marine
2001. TERRAIN FEATURES Corps is the pivot-mounted lensatic compass, so called
because azimuths are read through a magnifying lens
in the eyepiece. Figure 2-2, on page 2-2, shows the
the infantry works and fights on the ground, lensatic compass and its nomenclature. The meter
Since
terrain ashore information that scouts gather and graphic scale on the side of the compass is 1:50,000,
report on is of great importance. Hills, valleys, woods, which is the most used scale in military mapping. The
and streams are the forms and growths commonly graphic scale is useful in the field as a straightedge, an
referred to as natural land features. Artificial or man- aid in orienting the map, and a means ofreading map
made features include houses, bridges, and railroads. grid coordinates. The plastic dial is graduated in both
Figure 2-1 shows some important terrain features. degrees and mils. Numbers on the dial are printed in
black. There are luminous markings on the bezel,
floating dial, and on both ends of the sighting wire,
plus a 3-degree bezel serration and clickingdevice that
2002. THE LENSATIC COMPASS permit reading azimuths at night. The compass is
carried in a nylon case that may be attached to the
cartridge belt.
The best method of fmding direction, during both day
and night, is with a compass. The lensatic and M2 are Magnetic compasses are affected by the presence of
the two types of compasses issued to infantry units. iron or magnetic fields. Consequently, the scout
Both work on the same principle. should not be within the influence of local magnetic
Figure 2-1. Natural and Artificial Terrain Features.

--- PAGE 12 ---
2-2
MCWP 3-11.3
GRADUATED STRAIGHT EDGE
Figure 2-2. Lensatic Compass.
attraction while using a compass to determine direc- of the hand closed. The closed hand and wrist are
tion. The rifle, pistol, and other metal objects must be grasped with the other hand. The elbows are drawn in
laid aside when reading the compass. The minimum close to the body, forming a firm foundation for the
distances the scout should be from visible masses of compass. The eye is placed to the lens on the eyepiece.
iron and electrical fields of magnetism for the compass The compass is pointed at the object or point to which
to provide accurate readings are provided below. the azimuth is to be read. A sighting is taken through
the sighting slot in the eyepiece, and the point is lined
up with the sighting wire in the cover. The compass is
Minimum held until the dial steadies; then the reading is taken
Magnetic Fields Distances through the lens of the eyepiece. This reading is the
(meters)
magnetic azimuth of the line from the observer to the
High tension powerlines 60 point.
Field guns 20
Reading a Back Azimuth
Vehicles (wheeled or tracked) 20
Telephone and telegraph wires 10 A back azimuth is the direction opposite the line of
Barbed wire 10 sight. If the azimuth is less than 180 degrees, the back
azimuth is obtained by adding 180 degrees. If the
Machine gun 3
azimuth is greater than 180 degrees, the back azimuth
Rifle, pistol 1 is obtained by subtracting 180 degrees. Back azimuths
are used to determine a return route or to resection to
determine a current position.
Reading an Azimuth
To read an azimuth to any point, the cover of the Circumventing Obstacles
compass is raised to an angle of 90 degrees in relation
to the index face, and the eyepiece is lifted to a 45- When a scout is traveling on an azimuth and comes
upon an obstacle—such as a contaminated area,
degree angle in relation to the bezel, or so the numbers
on the dial can be seen. The thumb of either hand is minefield or swamp—the following steps (sometimes
placed in the thumb ioop, the index finger extended referred to as the 90-degree offset method) is em-
along the side of the compass case, and the remainder ployed to go around or circumvent the obstacle and

--- PAGE 13 ---
Scouting and Patrolling 2-3
resume movement along the original azimuth (see fig. must be fully charged by sunlight or artificial light,
such as a flashlight. To set a compass—
2-3). The steps are as follows:
1. Move up to the obstacle and make a full 90- 1. Move the compass so that the desired azimuth
on the dial is directly under the index line on the
degree turn to the right (or left).
lower glass.
2. Walk beyond the obstacle, keeping track of the
2. Rotate the upper movable glass so that the
distance in paces or meters.
luminous line is directly above the north arrow of the
3. Stand at the end of the obstacle, face in the dial.
original direction of march, and follow that azimuth
3. Set the compass for marching at night on the
until the obstacle has been passed.
specified azimuth.
4. Make a 90-degree turn to the left (or right) and
move the distance previously measured to return to —OR—
the original line of march.
1. Face the general direction of movement.
2. Line up the north arrow and the luminous line on
the bezel with the luminous sighting dots.
TURN 9O RIGHT TURN 90 RIGHT
3. Hold the compass still with one hand and grip the
knurled bezel ring with the other hand.
4. Turn the bezel ring the prescribed number of
clicks in the proper direction, remembering that
each click equals 3 degrees. For example, to set an
azimuth of 21 degrees, the bezel ring would be
turned seven clicks to the left.
5. Turn the whole compass until the north needle
lines up with the luminous line. The compass is then
set on the desired azimuth. The azimuth is the line
TURN 90 TURN 90• formed by the two luminous sighting dots on the
LEFT 70 LEFT inside of the cover.
Figure 2-3. Circumventing an Obstacle. To march on a preset azimuth during night movement,
open the compass and move it so the north arrow is
directly below the luminous line (see fig. 2-4). Move
Following an Azimuth During the Day
DESTINATION
The eye is placed to the lens in the eyepiece and the
compass moved until the desired azimuth reading is —I—IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
visible beneath the fixed index. Without moving the NORTH
compass, the vision is shifted from the lens through
the sighting slot in the eyepiece, and asighting is taken 0°
out beyond the sighting wire in the cover.A prominent
terrain feature on this line of sight is selected, the com-
pass closed, and the landmark approached. When the
scout reaches the landmark, the procedure is repeated.
Following an Azimuth at Night
It is necessary to prepare and set the compass before
departing on a night movement because atnight only
the luminous parts of the compass can be seen. To
prepare the compass for night use, the luminous parts
Figure 2-4. Following a Night Azimuth.

--- PAGE 14 ---
2-4
MCWP 3-11.3
in the direction of the line formed by the two luminous
sighting dots. It is necessary to refer to the compass
more frequently at night than during the day. If stars
are visible, find a prominent star along the azimuth of
movement to use as a reference point. When the view
of the sky is restricted by overcast conditions or vege-
tation, send a scout forward along the azimuth of
movement to the limit of visibility. This scout is guid-
ed along the azimuth of movement by a stationaryna-
vigator. When the scout reaches the limit of visibility,
the navigator moves to the scout's location. Thispro-
cess is repeated until the destination is reached.
A more rapid method for reaching the scout's
destination is to equip the navigator with a compass.
The navigator can set the compass as explained earlier
and the scout proceeds providing security 180 degrees
to the front on the specified azimuth, receiving right
and left corrections from the navigator while bothare
on the move. The point scout must stay within visual
range of the navigator. If available, a strip of white or
luminous tape on the back of the point scout's helmet
will assist.
Intersection
Figure 2-5. Intersection.
Intersection is the location of an unknown point by
successively occupying at least two, preferably three
known positions and sightings on the unknown point. To check accuracy, move to a third position and repeat
It is used to locate features not depicted on the map or steps 1 thorough 4. Where the lines cross is the
not readily identifiable. To determine an intersection, location of the unknown position. Using three lines, a
perform the following steps (see fig. 2-5): triangle is sometimes formed—called the triangle of
error—instead of an intersection. If the triangle is
large, recheck your work to find the error. Do not
1. Orient the map using the compass.
assume that the position is at the center of the triangle.
2. Locate and mark your position on the map.
3. Measure the magnetic azimuth to the unknown Resection
position; then convert to grid azimuth.
Resection is the location of the user's unknown
4. Draw a line on the map from your position on this
position by sighting on two or three known features
grid azimuth.
that are identifiable on the map. To determine a
5. Move to a second known position from which resection, perform the following steps (see fig. 2-6):
unknown point is visible. Locate this position on the
map and again orient the map using the compass. 1. Orient the map using the compass.
The second unknown position should be a minimum
2. Locate two or three known positions on the
of 30 degrees offset from the first position.
ground and mark them on the map.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5.
3. Measure the magnetic azimuth to a known
position then convert to grid azimuth.

--- PAGE 15 ---
Scouting and Patrolling 2-5
4. Change the grid azimuth to a back azimuth and Zone (north of the equator), the Big Dipper constel-
draw a line on the map from the known position lation is one key to determining direction of true north.
back toward the unknown position. It is made up of seven fairly bright stars in the shape of
a dipper with a long curved handle (see fig. 2-7). The
5. Repeat step 3 and step 4 to determine a second
two stars that form the side of the cup farthest from the
known position. handle, used as pointers, are situated in the direction of
a bright star that is about five times the distance
between the two stars of the dipper cup. This bright
star is the North Star and is directly over the North
Pole. The pointers always designate the North Star,
which is the direction of true north.
* POINT ABOVE
NORTH POLE.
/
/
* /
/
*
NORTH
POLE
Figure 2-7. Locating the North Pole.
In the Southern Hemisphere, true south is determined
in relation to the Southern Cross, a constellation
composed of five stars. Two bright pointer stars in the
Figure 2-6. Resection.
vicinity of the Southern Cross serve as locators to help
locate true south (see fig. 2-8). The outer four stars are
To check accuracy, repeat the steps above for a third
known position. The intersection ofthe lines is your
location. Using three lines, a triangle of error may be
SOUTHERN CROSS
formed. If the triangle is large, recheck. / -
/ POINT
/ ABOVE
/ / SOUTH
2OO3 STARS, SUN, AND OTHER 1
FEATURES _____
In rare cases when a scout is without a compass, the
following examples are alternate means to determine
direction. When using constellations to determine
direction, identify your location'sTemperate Zone. A
Temperate Zone is the area between the tropics and I
the polar circles.
POINTERS
At night, the stars provide an excellent means of
maintaining a line of march. In the North Temperate Figure 2-8. Locating the South Pole.

--- PAGE 16 ---
2-6
MCWP 3-11.3
fairly bright and form a cross. This cross is imagined
as the frame of a kite. A straight tail, four and one half N
times as long as the length of the kite itself, is put on
the kite using fmger widths for a measuring stick. The
end of this tail will be close to a position directlyover
the South Pole. Usually, it will not be possible to see a
star in the immediate vicinity, because there is no
bright star visible directly above the South Pole.
During daylight hours, a watch and the sun can be
used to determine direction within 8 degrees. In the
North Temperate Zone, the watch is held horizontally,
face up, and the hour hand pointed at the sun (see fig.
Figure 2-10. Determining Direction by Watch and
2-9). The north-south line and the direction of south
Sun (South Temperate Zone).
can be found midway between the hour hand and the
number 12, if the watch is set on standard time. If in
daylight savings time, the direction of south is found using a mountain for orientation. By previous study of
midway between the hour hand and the number 1. maps and photographs, a scout can keep informed of
location and direction by using a distinctive edge of
woods, a deep ravine or the direction of a stream's
flow. A scout should constantly evaluate and
memorize both the immediate terrain and general area
for prominent features and landmarks.
2004. RANGE DETERMINATION
Range determination is the method of finding the
distance between an observer and an enemy target or
an object. By accurate range determination, the
S
members of a given unit can set their sights correctly
and place effective fire on enemy targets. The degree
of accuracy is dependent on several factors, such as
terrain relief, time available, and experience of the
Figure 2-9. Determining Direction by Watch and
observer.
Sun (North Temperate Zone).
Mental Estimation
In the South Temperate Zone, if the watch is set on
standard time, the number 12 on the watch is pointed Amental distance estimate is made using a known unit
at the sun; if the watch is set on daylight savings time, of measure. Distance is estimated to the nearest 100
the number 1 is pointed at the sun. North is midway meters by determining the number of known units of
between 12 (or 1) and the hour hand (see fig. 2-10). measure between the observer's position and a target.
For example, a football field, which is 100 yards, can
When laying in a north-south line, if any doubt exists be used as a known unit of measure for determining
as to which end of the line is north, remember that the the distance between an observer's position and a
sun is in the east before noon and in the west in the target. For longer distances, progressive estimation
afternoon. may be necessary. To do this, the observer determines
the number of units of measure to an intermediate
In addition to the sun and stars, other methods a scout point and doubles the value. The observer should
without a compass can use to determine direction consider the effects in table 2-1 in estimating dis-
include determining prevailing wind direction and tances.

--- PAGE 17 ---
2-7
Scouting and Patrolling
Table 2-1. Effects to Consider Table 2-2. Estimating Distance
in Mental Estimation of Distances. in Wooded Terrain.
Objects Appear Objects Appear More Distance
Nearer Distant in Tree Description
Meters
In bright light. In poor light or in fog.
1,000 Trunk and main branches are visible. Foliage
In clear air at high altitude. Only a small part of the appears in cluster-like shape. Daylight may be
object can be seen. seen through the foliage.
The background is in con- The background is similar 2,000 Trunk visible, main branches distinguishable,
trast with the color of the in color to that of the foliage appears as smooth surface. Outline of
object. object. foliage of separate trees distinguishable.
The observer is looking The observer is looking 3,000 Lower half of trunk visible. Branches blend
down from a height. over a depression, most of with foliage. Foliage blends with adjoining
which is visible. trees.
The observer is looking The observer is kneeling 4,000 Trunk and branches blend with foliage and
over a depression, most of or sitting, especially on a appears as a continuous cluster, smooth in
which is hidden. hot day, when the ground appearance. Movement of foliage due towind
is moist. cannot be deleted.
The observer is looking 5,000 and Whole areacovered by trees and appears
down a straight feature beyond smooth and dark.
such as a road.
The observer is looking
over water, snow, or a uni-
form surface such as a Table 2-3. Estimating Distance
cultivated field or desert.
in Urban Terrain.
Estimating in Good Visibility Distance in Object Identified by the
Meters Unaided Eye
When visibility is good, distances can be estimated by 1,000 Lone treetrunk
using the appearance of tree trunks, branches, and
and horsemen
foliage (as seen by the naked eye) incomparison with 1,500
map data. Table 2-2 is a guide for wooded terrain. 3,000 Chimneys on rooftops
Table 2-3 is a guide for urban environments.
4,000 in houses
Individual houses in populated area
Estimating From a Terrain Study 4,000—5,000
Villagesand individual houses
8,000—9,000
Marine should always use terrain/map analysis to
T as h s e ist in estimating distances. When the Marine is 15,000—18,000 Large houses, towers, and steeples
looking in a specific direction, the estimation of
distance can be enhanced by studying the terrain and
comparing it with the map. Particular emphasis should
be given to color contrasts ofterrain features seen the distance may be identifiable byonly slight changes
For example, the of color to the eye. Different colors of grass might
along the observer-target line (OTL).
distance across successive ridge lines or depressions in reveal a hidden terrain feature such as a stream.

--- PAGE 19 ---
CHAPTER 3. ENEMY ACTIVITY
A commander often acts on information furnished by scouts. Therefore, scouts
must aim at absolute accuracy in reporting enemy activity. This chapter discusses
estimating enemy strengths, interpreting signs and tracks, and knowing the
enemy.
indicates good discipline. Rubbish, ration and
3001. ESTIMATING ENEMY STRENGTHS smoking residue, and nonessential personal items of
equipment adrift indicate a lower state of morale,
training, and discipline. Stores and material left behind
If troops cannot be counted, their strength may be in good condition may indicate a hasty movement or
estimated by: noting the length of time it takes various withdrawal. Burned or destroyed materials indicate a
types of moving columns to pass given point, the area deliberate, orderly withdrawal or movement. Letters,
required of a unit in camp or bivouac, or the front on insignia, and other articles may reveal the identity of
which they are deployed. When the ground is dry,
the enemy unit.
infantry on the march raise a low, thick cloud of dust,
and motor vehicles or mechanized units raise a
In the case of a moving enemy, the distance between
thick, rapidly moving cloud. Additionally, through periodic halts indicates the rate of march if enemy
practice, a scout may gain information as to the
habits relative to marches and halts are known. Con-
strength and composition of enemy forces by listening dition of the halt areas indicates the state of morale,
to noises and observing lights, fires, and smoke. A
training, and discipline.
scout gains valuable experience in estimating enemy
strengths by observing friendly forces in camp, on the
The physical condition of enemy dead and wounded
march, and deployed. The knowledge scouts gain and their personal equipment and weapons are
during field exercises of the appearance and tactical
reported. The general condition and state of main-
dispositions of squads, platoons, companies, and
tenance of destroyed or abandoned vehicles should
larger units will be of great assistance in estimating the
also be reported.
strength and composition of enemy units observed
under various conditions.
Tracks
Atrack is a mark left on the ground by the passage of a
3002. INTERPRETING SIGNS AND person or object. Examination of tracks reveals infor-
mation about the enemy.
TRACKS
Troops
In addition to estimates made through direct ob-
A few tracks overlapping each other on both sides of a
servation, a scout may often be able to estimate size, road or trail may indicate a patrol in staggered
composition, direction, rate of movement, condition, formation. A large number of tracks indicates troops in
discipline, state of training, and morale of enemy column formation. A large column will wear a dry
forces through signs and tracks left behind. road smooth and flat. In damp terrain, a freshly made
track will have sharp edges; ordinarily, signs of
Signs moisture will disappear in about 15 minutes. A run-
ner's toes are dug into the ground; a walker's footprint
The examination of vacated enemy positions provides is fairly even.
valuable information. The size of a bivouac or defense
area ordinarily indicates the number of enemy
Vehicles
occupants. Clothing, ration containers, dumps, etc.,
further indicate the quantity of the departed enemy The type of track indicates whether the vehicle is
force. The condition of the bivouac area and amountof wheeled or tracked. A scout acquires the necessary
experience to make the proper determination by
material abandoned give an indication of the enemy
morale, training, and discipline. A well-policed area observing vehicle tracks during training.

--- PAGE 20 ---
3-2
MCWP 3-11.3
The direction of travel can be determined by the way moving vehicle, and it leaves a deeper impression on
tracks pass across ruts, by impressions on the edges of the exit edges of holes. The faster the travel, the
holes in the ground, how water is splashed from
deeper the impression.
puddles, or by the way grass, twigs, and branches are
bent; for example—
• A vehicle (wheeled or tracked) entering a rut pushes
3003. KNOWING THE ENEMY
dirt into the rut and leaves an indentation on the exit
side of the rut.
• A wheel going over holes in the ground leaves a
A scout should learn as much as possible about enemy
deeper impression on the edge toward the direction
psychology, habits, organization, and tactics. The
of travel.
more knowledge gained about the enemy, particularly
• The side of a puddle with the greater splash
the enemy's normal security measures, the better the
indicates the direction of travel of the vehicle.
scout's chances are to observe and obtain accurate
• When traveling cross-country, the direction in
information with minimum risk to the mission's
which grass is bent and/or twigs, branches, and
success. Scouts gain much of this knowledge through
bushes are broken indicates direction of travel.
experience, but they also gain a great deal of their
A general rate of speed can be estimated by the preliminary information, particularly that pertaining to
amount of water or mud splattered. A fast-moving enemy organization and tactics, during training and
vehicle will throw larger amounts of water or mud a may be updated by unit commanders and intelligence
greater distance to the front and sides than a slow- officers.

--- PAGE 21 ---
CHAPTER 4. DAYLIGHT SCOUTING
A scout must be able to operate in all types of terrain and under all conditions of
visibility. He must be thoroughly familiar with the principles for using cover and
concealment, camouflage, individual movement, and route selection, both to and
from the objective.
4001. COVER AND CONCEALMENT
Cover is protection from the fire of hostile weapons.
Concealment is protection from observation or
surveillance from hostile air and ground observation,
but not from hostile fire. Both cover and concealment
are divided into two main categories: natural and
artificial. Natural cover includes small hills, ditches,
rocks or vegetation. Fighting holes, bunkers, and brick
walls are examples of artificial cover. Some features,
such as buildings, provide both cover and conceal-
FROM A DITCH OBSERVE
ment. In deciding whether to seek cover or conceal- OVER BROKEN EDGE
ment, a scout must make the best choice to complete WITH BACKGROUND
the mission (see fig. 4-1).
OBSEBURSVH EINT PHRORNUE
—
POSITION
Concealment Principles
Concealmentprinciples are as follows:
• Remain motionless while observing. Anything in
motion attracts the eye.
• Use all available concealment.
• Observe from the proneposition (it offers a low sil-
houette and makes detection by the enemy difficult.
• Expose nothing thatreflects light.
• Blend with the background because contrasting
colors are noticeable.
• Remain in the shade because moving shadows
attract attention.
Figure 4-1. Correct Use of Cover.
• Distort or change the regular outline of objects.
Most military objects have distinctive shapes that
necessary, around the sideof or, if possible, through
make obvious shadows and silhouettes.
• Avoid the skyline. Figures on the skyline can be an object.
seen from great distances and are easily identified • Looking or firing over an object can make the scout
an easily visible target for the enemy. If the scout
by their outlines.
must fire over the top of concealment or cover,the
outline of the head or helmet should be broken or
Concealment Techniques
distorted.
• Upon the approach of an airplane, the scout takes a
Concealment techniques are as follows:
prone position, turns face-down, and remains mo-
tionless. If surprised by an airplane, the scout re-
• When observing, the scout looks around an object's
mains in place and does not look up.
side (unless it is transparent) and prepares to fire, if

--- PAGE 22 ---
4-2 MCWP 3-11.3
• The scout covers exposed body parts such as the A small, thin bush in the shadow of a large bush makes
face, back of the neck, and hands with grease paint, a good observation point. Lone trees, rocks, fence cor-
mud or other materials to reduce sun reflection. ners, and outstanding landmarks are easily picked up
• Camouflage for equipment can be improvised from by the enemy as obvious observation posts.
garnishing or sandbags to prevent sun reflection.
If camouflage clothing is not available, other available
• In snowy terrain, white overgarments are worn.
clothing can be attached in irregular splotches of
• The helmet cover outline should be distorted.
appropriate colors.
Exposed skin reflects light and attracts the enemy's at-
tention. Even very dark skin will reflect light because
4002. CAMOUFLAGE
of its natural oil. The buddy system is recom-mended
when applying camouflage. Standard Marine Corps
issue camouflage face paint sticks are two toned:
Camouflage is the use of concealment and disguise to
minimize the possibility of detection anchor identifica-
• Loam and light green for light-skinned troops, in all
tion of troops, material, equipment, and installations.
but snow regions.
The purpose of camouflage is to provide concealment
• Sand and light green for dark-skinned troops.
of military objects from enemy observation. Camou-
flage is also used to conceal an object by making it • Loam and white for troops in snow-covered terrain.
look like something else. A scout's mission usually re-
quires individual and equipment camouflage. If natu- Shiny areas (forehead, cheekbones, nose, and chin) are
ral camouflage is not adequate, the position is cam- painted with a dark color. Shadow areas (around the
ouflaged. In using camouflage, remember that objects eyes, under the nose, and under the chin) are painted
are identified by their form (outline), shadow, texture,
and color. The principal purpose of camouflage in the
field is to prevent direct observation and recognition.
Individual Camouflage
Successful individual camouflage involves the ability
to recognize and take advantage of all forms of natural
and artificial concealment available (vegetation, soil,
debris, etc.) and knowledge of the proper use of artifi-
cial camouflage materials.
Aids to Individual Camouflage
A scout must recognize the terrain's dominant color
and pattern and must change the appearance of
clothing and equipment accordingly in order to blend
and not contrast with the terrain (see fig. 4-2).
The helmet is camouflaged by breaking up its shape,
smooth surface, and shadow. Use of a helmet cover
works best. In the absence of a helmetcover, mud can
be irregularly blotched on the helmet to disguise its
form and dull the surface. A helmet cover may be
improvised from irregularly colored cloth or burlap to
blend with the background. Foliage can be draped to
prevent the visor of the helmet from casting a dark
shadow across the face. Foliage should not stick up
like plumes because any head movement will give
away the position. Figure 4-2. Avoid Contrasting Backgrounds.

--- PAGE 23 ---
Scouting and Patrolling 4-3
with a light color. Skin that is exposed on the back of tape to break the regular outline. Mud or dirt dulls the
the neck and hands is painted with a two-color com- reflecting surface of the stock, barrel, and bayonet
bination in an irregular pattern (see fig. 4-3). where coloring has been worn. Lamp black may also
be used on metal parts. The function of the weapon
When standard issue face paint sticks are not avail- must not impaired.
able, burnt cork, charcoal or lamp black can be used to
tone down exposed areas of skin. If time, material, and surroundings permit, a ghillie
suit should be constructed. (Refer to MCWP 3-15.3,
Mud is used only in an emergency because it changes Scout Sniping.)
color as it dries and may peel off, leaving the skin
exposed. Since mud may contain harmful bacteria, Aids to Camouflage a Position
mud should be washed off as soon as possible.
To successfully camouflage a position, the scout must
Any equipment that reflects light should be covered remember to—
with a nonreflective material that aids in the con-
cealment of the weapon (for example, black electrical • Camouflage the position as soon as it is occupied.
tape or mud). The straight line of the rifle or other
• Avoid using too much material for camouflage.
infantry weapons may be very conspicuous to an
Even though natural materials are used, too much
enemy observer. The barrel and hand guard should be may make the object and its shadow stand out from
wrapped with strips of contrasting colored cloth or
its surroundings, thus attracting the attention of a
hostile observer.
• Inspect completed camouflage work from the ene-
my's point of view to check effectiveness.
Continuous Camouflage
Camouflage around and on the scout's position must
be maintained in a fresh condition as wilted and dead
foliage can give the position away. If the mission
dictates that the position should be occupied for longer
SPLOTCHING
periods, wilted foliage should be replaced during
periods of reduced visibility.
4003. INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT
Principles
STRIPING
The principles of individual movement are as follows:
• Scouts move from one concealed position to an-
other. When not changing positions, they remain
motionless.
• The scout's head is lifted slowly but steadily, with-
out abrupt movements, to search for a new position.
• Scouts select the next stopping place before moving
and ensures it is not contained by the enemy.
SPLOTCHING & STRIPING • Scouts change position on the run: springs up, runs
with the body bent low, zigzags, quicklydrops to
the ground slightly to the right or left ofthe objec-
Figure 4-3. Face Camouflage. tive, then rolls or crawls to the desired position.

--- PAGE 24 ---
4-4 MCWP 3-11.3
(Remember the phrase, "I'm up—he sees me—I'm the forearm and let the butt of the rifle drag on the
down.") ground. Keep the muzzle off the ground.
Rushing To start forward, push arms forward and pull right leg
forward. To move forward, pull with arms and push
When starting from the prone position— with right leg. Change the pushing leg frequently to
avoid fatigue.
• Raise the head slowly and steadily and select a new
position.
High Crawl
• Lower the head slowly, draw arms inward, cock
right leg forward, and prepare to rush. The high crawl is used when—
• Use one movement to raise the body by straighten-
ing both arms. • Cover and/or concealment are available.
I Spring to your feet, stepping off with the left foot. • Poor visibility reduces enemy observation
Bend forward as low as possible when running. • Greater speed of movement is required.
Never advance directly to the next position; always
zigzag. To perform the high crawl, keep body off the ground.
Rest weight on forearms and lower legs. Cradle rifle in
When hitting the deck— arms, keeping the muzzle off the ground. Keep knees
well behind the buttocks to stay low.
• Stop.
I Plant both feet in place. Move forward, alternately advancing right forearm
and left knee; then left forearm and right knee.
• Drop quickly to the knees and slide the hand to the
heel of the rifle.
• Fall forward, breaking your fall with the butt of the Movement Aids
rifle. (To confuse the enemy, roll over after hitting
the deck and roll into firing position with feet, Aids to movement include—
knees, and stomach flat on the ground.)
• Keep head down if you do not intend to fire. • Carrying only necessities. Additional weight causes
premature fatigue and impedes free movement.
When rolling over— • Not disturbing birds or animals whose flight would
betray your presence. If birds or animals are alerted,
• Hit the deck and assume the prone position. remain motionless under cover for a few minutes,
as the enemy's attention may also be attracted.
• Bring the rifle in close to the body, placing the rifle
butt in the crotch. • Moving during an incident that diverts attention,
such as an airplane flight, a distant disturbance or
• Roll over swiftly to confuse any enemy observers as
to final intended location. Never reappear at the sudden bursts of fire.
same place you went down. • Fog, smoke, or even light haze offer concealment
for movement; however, the enemy may have
thermoimagery and night vision devices. Therefore,
Low Crawl
darkness and smoke cannot be used as easily.
The low crawl is used when— • Following a stream or road by staying as far away
from them as possible while still keeping them in
• Cover and concealment are scarce. sight. Keep close to the dune line when moving
• The enemy has good observation over the area in along a beach.
which the scout is moving. • When moving through tall grass or similar growth,
• Speed is not essential. move when the wind blows, changing direction
frequently. A straight route will be more readily
To perform the low crawl, keep the body as flat as noticed.
possible against the ground. Grasp the rifle sling at the • Whenever possible, avoid areas of soft ground so as
upper sling swivel. Let the balance of the rifle rest on not to leave tracks.

--- PAGE 25 ---
Scouting and Patrolling 4-5
• When crossing a road or water obstacle, choose
crossing sites where the enemy's observation is re-
stricted (an area in shadows or near a bend) and
ROUTE
cross rapidly.
4004. ROUTE SELECTION
Prior to Movement
A scout and the immediate commander conduct a map
reconnaissance before starting on a mission. This
assists them in selecting the route according to avail-
able cover and concealment and any indicated enemy
activity.
Prior to and during the course of the mission, move to
an observation point to visually reconnoiter the terrain
for movement and select the tentative route. It may be
necessary to make wide detours around open spaces or
those containing enemy patrols or other enemy
activity.
Carefully study the country to be traversed and pay
close attention to the general features, streams, ridges
to be crossed, and their relation to the general direction
to be taken (see fig. 4-4).
Make notes of terrain features and landmarks along
the proposed route and rely on notes for guidance (see
fig. 4-5 on page 4-6). Additionally, determine the Figure 4-4. Choosing a Concealed Route
compass direction and readings for each change of of Advance from a Map.
direction at the start. Finally, learn the location of unit
boundaries and observation/listening posts as well as observed by the enemy. When required to reconnoiter
general location of other friendly or scouting parties. danger areas, choose a covered approach and return,
Be sure to avoid man-made and natural obstacles as and make entry or passage as quietly and quickly as
they will slow progress and overall success of the possible. If part of a larger effort, the approach and
mission. If possible, use the local populous as a source return should be covered by observation and fires of
of intelligence. When returning to friendly lines, avoid the other members of the scouting party or patrol.
using the same route.
Stream Crossings
En Route
When the crossing does not appear to be held by the
En route, the actual advance will be a series of move- enemy, advance upon it rapidly. If there are two or
ments from one observation point to the next. The more scouts, one crosses while the other(s) provide
protection. Note the length, width, depth, and ap-
distance and route will depend on cover and terrain.
proaches to a crossing. Observe the condition of the
Assess the cover, terrain, and any enemy or civilian
activity to determine whether or not to modify the road or trail that crosses the stream, and report on the
suitability of the crossing for use by tracked and
approach or return routes. Unless the mission requires
it, avoid danger areas (for example, houses, villages, wheeled vehicles. If the crossing is under observation
by enemy, seek another crossing site or dash across to
potential assembly or bivouac areas, roads, and
streams) that may give away yourposition by being avoid detection.

--- PAGE 26 ---
4-6 MCWP 3-11.3
BN CP
S SLOPE OF
GATES HILL
RUINS OF
ELKINS
3 HOUSES MILLS
ON HILL
HOUSE wrr
2 CHIMNEYS
TAKE
LEFT FORK
LONE
PINE
2 HOUSES
CROSS
OPEN
FIELD
START
Figure 4-5. Proposed Route Sketch.

--- PAGE 27 ---
CHAPTER 5. NIGHT SCOUTING
Night scouting presents many of the same problems encountered in day
operations-such as cover, concealment, movement, and camouflage-as well as
additional considerations. Knowledge of human eye construction and operation
/
will enable maximum advantage under night conditions or poor visibility.
conditions. Rod vision distinguishes black, white,
5001. NIGHT VISION shades of gray, and general outlines.
Principles
Certain parts of the eye correspond to parts of a simple
camera (see fig. 5-1). The lens focuses light entering
To effectively "see" at night, the principles of night vi-
the eye similar to a camera lens. The iris (colored part
sion dark adaptation, off-center vision, and scanning
of eye) corresponds to the diaphragm of a camera,
are applied.
opening and closing to regulate the amount of light
entering the eye through the pupil. The retina cor-
DarkAdaptation
responds to camera film. Light rays strike the retina,
form an image, and cause an impression to be trans- Allowing the eyes to become accustomed to low levels
mitted to the brain through the optic nerve. In a of illumination is called dark adaptation. It takes the
camera, the image is formed and fixed on film. rod cells about 30 minutes to produce enough visual
purple to activate them and enable the eye to
RODREGION distinguish objects in dim light. This may also be
- -. (NIGHT VISION) accomplished by staying in a red-lighted area, or by
wearing red goggles for 20 minutes, followed by 10
minutes in darkness (which allows the pupils to open
'.
PUPIL wide). This method saves valuable time by allowing
RETINA.c j I CONE REGION Marines to be in a lighted area to receive orders, check
IRIS (CAMERA ,1 (DAY VISION) equipment, or perform some other function before
moving into darkness.
IAPHRAGM)
'--RDREGION Off-Center Vision
LENS The technique of focusing on an object without
looking directly at it is called off-center vision. When
looking directly at an object, the image is formed on
the cone region, which is not sensitive at night (see fig.
5-2 on page 5-2). When looking slightly to the left,
right, above or below an object, the image is formed
on the area of the retinacontaining rod cells, which are
sensitive in darkness. The most sensitive area varies in
individuals, but is usually found by looking 6 to 10
degrees away from an object; in effect, out of the
corner of the eye (see fig. 5-3 on page 5-2).
Figure 5-1. The Eye is Like a Camera.
Scanning
The retina is composed of cone cells and rod cells, so-
called because of their shapes. Cone cells distinguish Off-center vision used to observe an area or an object
color, shape, and sharp contrast. Because they are is called scanning. When using rod vision, the visual
activated by light conditions, they are blind during purple in the rod cells bleaches or blacks out in 4 to 10
periods of low illumination. Rod cells produce a seconds and the object observed disappears. As the
chemical substance called visual purple that makes visual purple in the rod cells in one area bleaches out,
them active in darkness, low illumination or night the eyes must slightly shift to use fresh rod cells. Eyes

--- PAGE 28 ---
5-2 MCWP 3-11.3
CONE REGION
LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE OBJECT SO THAT THE
IMAGE IS FORMED ON THE CONE REGION
(YOUR DAY EYES)
Figure 5-2. Day Vision.
11:00
_S\
ROD REGION
— — —
— —
0çSG
— —
— —
— —
12:00
-
LINEOP
SIGHT - -
CENTER OBJECT AT 12 O'CLOCK AND LOOK
SLIGHTLY TOWARD 11 O'CLOCK OR I O'CLOCK
1:00
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
REGION ii.:i
LOOK SLIGHTLY AWAY FROM THE OBJECT SO
THAT THE IMAGE IS FORMED ON THE
ROD REGION (YOUR NIGHT EYES)
Figure 5-3. Night Vision.
should be moved in short, abrupt, irregular movements vision retained by the protected eye enables it to see
over and around the target (see fig. 5-4). until the other eye adapts to the darkness. Red light
helps preserve night vision, but like white light, it can
Preserving Night Vision be observed at long distances.
Night vision is quickly destroyed if bright light is Factors that decrease night visual acuity include
allowed to enter the eye. When entering a lighted area fatigue, lack of oxygen, long exposure to sunlight,
or when observing in a temporarily lighted area (il- alcohol, nicotine (within the past 48 hours), and age.
lumination, flares), one eye should be closed and When night vision has been attained, straining will not
covered to preserve its night vision. When the light improve effectiveness; however, practice identifying
goes off, fades or the lighted area is exited, the night objects at night will improve perception.

--- PAGE 29 ---
Scouting and Patrolling 5-3
sound distortion. Sounds are transmitted a greater
5002. APPEARANCE OF OBJECTS distance in wet weather and at night than in dry
weather and in the daytime. By holding the ear close to
the ground sounds of people walking and vehicles
Darkness not only makes objects difficult to see but moving can be heard. Sound travels approximately
also changes their appearance, distorts size, and blots 370 meters a second. When a flash from a fired
out details. A tree visible against the night sky appears weapon is observed, the range to the weapons can be
smaller than in the daytime because the twigs at the easily estimated by counting the time interval between
end of branches cannot be seen. A scout must train to the flash and hearing the report. For example, counting
identify objects by block outlines at night and cannot to three (one thousand one, one thousand two, one
rely on details visible in daylight. Binoculars enlarge thousand three), indicates the distance is 1,110 meters.
objects or parts of objects otherwise too small to be The cadence is determined by actual practice at known
seen and help identify objects already spotted. Night ranges.
observation devices increase night visibility and
should be used whenever possible.
5004. SMELLS AND TOUCH
5003. SOUNDS
A scout's sense of smell can warn of enemy fires,
cooking, motor parks, gasoline and diesel engines, and
Atnight, sounds become vely important. By listening, bodies of water. A scout must feel and recognize
a scout gains information about the enemy and by objects in the dark, and adjust and operate equipment
exercising care, keeps information from the enemy. A quietly by sense of touch.
scout stops frequently to listen. Scouts must listenfor
long periods in perfect silence. Hearing is amplified
with the mouth open; removing the helmet will reduce
5005. CLOTHING AND WEAPONS
All loose clothing must be secured (string or tape can
be used) to prevent snagging on barbed wire,
brambles, and brush. Helmet covers are worn to
muffle sounds made by low branches.
The belt buckle should be turned around to theside in
order to move in a prone position without scraping the
buckle against stones or hard surfaces. Identification
tags can be taped together to prevent rattling. Hands,
face, and neck can be blackened so skin does not
reflect light or appear as white spots in the darkness.
(Refer to para. 4002.)
Scouts are normally armed with rifles. Rifle slings
should be taped to prevent rattling. All weapons parts
should be checked for glare elimination measures.
5006. CONCEALMENT
Figure 5-4. Scanning
Although total darkness provides concealment, scouts
must observe the same principles of concealment

--- PAGE 30 ---
5-4 MCWP 3-11.3
during moonlight conditions as in the daytime. Scouts yourself an indistinct target in case the person
should assume enemy employment of night obser- encountered is an enemy.
vation devices and observe the principles of night • Return fire only to avoid capture if fired on when
movement such that presence will not be disclosed by close to enemy positions.
noise when close to the enemy.
5008. AIDS TO NIGHT MOVEMENT
5007. AIDS TO NIGHT SCOUTING
• Aids to night movement include the following:
Aids to night scouting include the following:
• Move silently.
• Advance in stealthy legs. Each leg should follow
• Carry out scouting missions close to or within
some terrain feature that serves as a guide. When
hostile positions on dark or rainy nights.
there are no terrain features to serve as guides,
• Stifle a threatening sneeze by pressing fmgers up-
move in a straight or nearly straight line from one
ward against the nostrils.
defined point to another, or maintain direction by
• Stifle a threatening cough by applying slight pres- using a compass.
sure with the finger on the Adam's apple.
• Avoid running, except in an emergency.
• Stop a ringing sound that interferes with hearing by • Take advantage of sounds that may distract the
yawning.
enemy.
• Speak softly rather than whispering if voice com- • Fall silently without making an outcry.
munication is necessary.
• Move boldly and rapidly when taking advantage of
Walking
any sound-such as shelling, rustling wind or distant
firing-to push forward if firing is taking place. When walking at night—
• Avoid shell craters and depressions in damp
weather conditions if the enemy has employed • Place the heel down first. Balance the weight of the
chemical munitions. body on the rear foot until a secure spot is found.
• Move the eyes constantly; concentrating on one • Lift the forward foot high to clear any stiff grass,
object too long will strain them. brush, or other obstruction.
• Take notice of the enemy's use of flares. When the • Continue to balance body weight on the rear foot,
lower the forward foot gently, toe first, to explore
enemy employs flares, few enemy patrols are apt to
the ground for objects that might make noise. Step
be out; when flares are not employed, the enemy's
over fallen logs and branches, not on them.
patrols are likely to be numerous.
• Lower the heel of the forward foot slowly; grad-
• Drop to a prone position upon hearing a flare being
ually transferring body weight to that foot.
fired and before it illuminates. Remain motionless
while it is burning. If open or moving when a flare
Creeping
bursts in the air, freeze or drop quickly in the split
second after the flare illuminates while the enemy is
The low crawl and high crawl are not suitable at night
blinded. You are an easy target for the enemy if the
when very near the enemy because an easily heard
flare bursts in the air or on the ground behind you.
shuffling noise results. Creeping is the recommended
Never look at a flare. If you activate a trip flare,
method of movement:
drop to the ground and crawl away from the illumi-
nated area.
• Creep at night on the hands and knees.
• Consider all patrols or individuals encountered as
• Use your hands to feel for twigs, leaves or other
hostile until proven friendly. If encountering
substances that might make a noise. Clear a spot to
someone, crouch low, silhouetting the approaching
place your knee. Keeping your hand at that spot,
person against the sky. At the same time, make

--- PAGE 31 ---
Scouting and Patrolling 5-5
bring your knee forward until it meets your hand. • Move the left leg carefully to the rear, and then
Then place your knee on the ground and repeat the move the right leg to the rear.
action with the other hand and knee.
• Lie flat on the ground, or take up a firing position if
necessary.
• Lay the rifle on the ground at your side and clear an
area for it. Lift the rifle up and move it forward.
Movement is slow and tedious, since it must be
done silently.
Wire Obstacles
A mission often requires a scout to pass through and
work behind enemy positions. To accomplish this, the
scout must be able to quietly pass through enemy wire
obstacles and cross trenches. Cutting a gap in wire is
time-consuming. If possible, walk over the low bands
of enemy wire and crawl under the high bands (see fig.
Hitting the Deck at Night (Right-Handed
5-5). Avoid movement along wire barriers, as enemy
Shooter)
To safetly hit the deck at night from the standing
position—
• Advance your left leg, place
the butt of the rifle in your
right armpit with the hand
remaining on the pistol grip,
and grasp it with the right
hand at the balance.
• Quietly drop down on the
right knee and left hand.
Figure 5-5. Crossing Wire Silently at Night.

--- PAGE 32 ---
5-6 MCWP 3-11.3
covering fires are generally planned parallel to them to Wrap a sandbag around the wire cutters and wire to
take advantage of canalization and enfilade fire. deaden the sound.
To step over low wire at night, crouch low to view the Do not cut a complete gap in the wire; cut only the
strands against the sky. Grasp the top strand with one bottom wire(s). Leave the top wire(s) intact to lessen
hand; with the other hand, reach forward and feel for a the chance of discovery by the enemy.
clear spot for foot placement without stepping on other
strands or any object apt to make a noise. Raise the
Crossing Trenches
body up, still grasping the top strand of wire. To avoid
catching the foot in another strand, lift the foot up and
Before approaching a trench, wait outside the trench
over, passing it close to the hand grasping the wire.
for awhile and listen. Do not enter or cross a trench
near its junction with a communication trench. Crawl
If a high wire obstacle is encountered at night and wire
silently up to the edge of the trench and look into it.
cutters are not available, pass under the wire with your
Remove all loose dirt and rocks from the edge. If it is a
back on the ground. Grasp the lowest strands in your
narrow trench, spring up and jump across, sinking
hands and hold them clear of the body while you slide
quietly to the ground on the other side and remaining
under them.
there a moment to listen before proceeding. If the
trench is wide, climb silently and slowly down into it
When cutting wire and working solo, cut a wire near a
and out the other side, using the revetment for support
post (see fig. 5-6), then dispose of all but one loose
(see fig. 5-7). Do not enter enemy trenches unless it is
end. Grasp the wire close to a post and cut between
absolutely necessary in order to accomplish the
your hand and the post, muffling the sound and
mission. Ordinarily; work is better accomplished from
keeping the loose wire in your grasp. When cutting
outside the trench. Sentries usually pay more attention
wire in tandem, one firmly holds the wire with the
to sounds in front of them; therefore, if it is necessary
hands positioned close to the cutters, in order to muffle
to enter a trench, cross it first at the place where enemy
the sound and prevent the loose ends from flying back,
observation is restricted, then approach from the rear.
while the other one cuts. In both instances, the loose
ends of the wire are bent back to form a passage.
5009. LOCATING AND PLOTTING THE
ENEMY AT NIGHT
WHEN TWO SCOUTS CUT WIRE TOGETHER,
ONE HOLDS WIRE FIRMLY, CLOSE TO
CUTTERS, IN ORDER TO M
SOUND AND KEEP LOOSE
Fornight work, a scout must understand the use of a
WIRE FROM SNAPPING
BACK WHILE THE lensatic compass. (Refer to para. 2002.) Using the
OTHER SCOUT lensatic compass, the scout can guide the platoon into
CUTS.
position, locate adjoining elements of the command,
keep direction when on patrol, determine the location
of gaps in the enemy wire and the position of enemy
out guards.
Locating Gaps in Enemy Wire
IN CUTTING WIRE ALONE, A SCOUT
GRASPS WIRE CLOSE TO A STAKE When searching for gaps in enemy wire, at least two
AND HIS HAND, THUS MUFFLING
lensatic compasses are needed: one to register the gap
SOUND AND KEEPING
LOOSE WIRE IN HIS in the wire and the other for navigation. When a gap in
GRASP TO PREVENT
enemy wire is located, lie outside the gap, keeping a
ITS SNAPPING
distance of 10 meters from the barbed wire. Sight with
the lensatic compass on a prominent point on the
skyline in line with the gap. In selecting the prominent
point in the skyline, pick one that appears on the map
(i.e., hill mass, house, road junction). If the only
Figure 5-6. Cutting Wire Silently at Night. prominent point available is one not identifiable on a
map (i.e., a tree, destroyed vehicle, enemy position),

--- PAGE 33 ---
Scouting and Patrolling 5-7
--
CRAWL SILENTLY UP LIE OUTSIDE OF GAP IN ENEMY'S WIRE AND
TO TRENCH AND LOOK SIGHT WITH COMPASS ON A PROMINENT
IN. REMOVE ALL LOOSE
POINT ON THE SKYLINE BEHIND OWN LINES.
DIRT AND ROCKS FROM
ROTATE THE LUMINOUS INDEX TO A POINT
EDGE IF IT - -
OVER THE NORTH END OF THE rc:
THE AZIMUTH.
•RECORD
c
SPRING UP-LEAP
ACROSS THE
44 TRENCH LANDING
ON ONE FOOT WITH
-
THE OTHER FOOT
(HELD BEHINDTO
CATCH YOURSELF
q IN CASE YOU MISS
I THE EDGE OF THE
JWlil'IlJIt9!r....... ' TRENCH IN JUMPING.
IiI''IiIfluihf
—• '..W •1i.1 &:'CI-IU!'I1.It.h.JM I LJI IWtI IJL! —IiIIIA—M-- '.—. ''
riiwq -
__..- .
WIDE TRENCH
'
O DR N O T P H E N O O I T S H E E L R ES S S ID LY E, — C DO LI W M N B O S N IL E E N SI T D L E Y Figure 5-8. Locating a Gap in Enemy
TO THE GROUND. LIE AND UP THE OTHER Wire at Night.
. MOTIONLESS AND . MAKING USE OF
LISTEN BEFORE REVETMENT FOR
PROCEEDING. — SUPPORT. -
Note the time and nature of each sound, the estimated
distance, and which compass was used to fix the loca-
tion. Plot this data on a map then wait until the debrief
Figure 5-7. Crossing Trenches Silently at Night. to turn in the notes and compasses. See figure 5-9.
use it. The exact location of this point can be fixed the
next day by visual reconnaissance of the area from an ADVANCE ON A KNOWNAZIMUTH,
observation point. When the needle rests— ARRIVING AT A KNOWN POINT OUT.
SIDE THE ENEMY'S POSITION. LIE
HERE UNTIL SOUNDS INDICATE
• Clamp it in place by lowering the eyepiece to the POSITION OF ONE OF THE ENEMY
—
OUTGUARDS.
closed position.
• Rotate the movable bezel ring until the luminous
line is directly over the north end of the needle. The
azimuth of the gap from the prominent point is now
registered.
The compass is carried back without further adjust-
ment. The azimuth setting can be recorded later on a
map (see fig. 5-8).
Locating Enemy Out Guards
At night, locate enemy guards by their sounds and
failure to maintain light discipline. As sounds of the
enemy are heard, and/or observations of the enemy
made, shoot an azimuth with one compass. When the
needle comes to rest, clamp the compass by lowering Figure 5-9. Locating Enemy Outguards at Night.
the eyepiece to the closed position.

--- PAGE 34 ---
5-8 MCWP 3-11.3
Unless the moon is bright, avoid, if possible, passing
50010. ROUTES OF MOVEMENT
through woods, ditches, ravines, and brush, because
noises of movement may lead to discovery. If the
enemy is known to have night observation device
Priorto beginning a night missions, a scout studies the
capability, avoiding these kinds of terrain may not be
ground in detail from an observation point, air photos,
and a map during daylight. The route of advance possible. To avoid enemy ambushes, return by a dif-
should be below the skyline. Avoid becoming a ferent route from the advance and change routes on
silhouette (see fig. 5-10). successive nights.
DAY NIGHT
SCOUT COMES SCOUT AVOIDS
OVER THE HILL WOODS ON
UNDER COVER ACCOUNT OF
OF WOODS NOISE AND
COMES OVER
HILL IN LOW
WORKS ON IN PLACE.
BRUSH HEDGE AVOIDS HEDGE
AND COMES
DOWN LOW
MOVES BEHIND OPEN DRAW
SCRUB ALONG
FENCE CONT1NUES
DOWN DRAW
AVOIDING BUSHES.
ENTERS BUSHES
AVOIDS BUSHES.
CONTINUES IN AVOIDING STREAM,
COVER AFFORDED BANKS, AND
BY BANK AND BUSHES GOES
BUSHES ALONG ON IN LOW
STREAM GROUND WHERE
STREAM FLOWS.
When moving at night without a compass, use the stars and objects that appear
sIlhouetted against the sky as your guide.
Figure 5-10. Difference Between Correct Routes by Day or Night.

--- PAGE 35 ---
CHAPTER 6. OBSERVING AND REPORTING
When sent out on a mission, a scout's duties are to observe and report. the first
five chapters covered scout protection measures and movement in enemy ter-
ritory. This chapter discusses performing the assigned mission and reporting the
mission after its completion.
50 meters or less deep, going from right to left parallel
6001. OBSERVATION POSTS to your front; then search from left to right a second
and similar strip farther away but overlapping the first.
Continue to observe until the entire field of view has
Positions been searched (see fig. 6-2 on page 6-2).
The following guidelines apply to observation posts. At night, use a night observation device. If one is not
See figure 6-1. available, search the horizon with short, jerky
movements, and short pauses. Look a little to one side
• When selecting observation posts, scouts should of an object and then to the other. Lower the head
chose the least prominent position. close to the ground to view the object more clearly.
• Scouts may occupy one or more observation posts. Use low-powered field glasses to increase sight range.
• An observation post should not be manned for more
than 24 hours.
• A selected observation post should be observed for
OBSERVEDESIRED POSITION FROM A PLACE OF CONCEALMENT
FOR SIGNS OF HOSTILE OCCUPATION. APPROACH SELECTED
10 to 15 minutes to ensure it is not occupied. POSITION BY A CONCEALED ROUTE.
• Scouts move to the chosen observation post by a
concealed route.
• If the post is located on a hill, crawl to a position
where the skyline is broken.
• If a tree is used, the position should have a back-
ground so as not to be silhouetted against the sky
while climbing or observing.
• When leaving the observation post, a different route
from that of the approach should be used.
• If a radio is used, its antenna should be located to
provide clear communication to the controlling
commander but masked from enemy observation
and direction-finding equipment. Upon departure,
scouts should remove the antennae from the obser-
vation post so as not to give away the position.
Observing
Using all senses available, be particularly alert for
movement, objects, sounds, and smells inappropriate
to the surroundings. While observing, avoid all un-
necessary movement. Ifobserving from a building,
keep back from doors and windows.
Figure 6-1. Method of Approaching
In daylight, look first at the ground nearest you. Begin
an Observation Post.
observing close to your post and search a narrow strip

--- PAGE 36 ---
6-2 MCWP 3-11.3
g rj c0 r
L I DTG (COMM. USE) FM:
Z 0 R
200
. METER ZONE TO,
-/ -.-.
BT TOPSEC SECRET CONF
-.---.--
/. RAi N CO
100 METER
?. Movi'
5J; J.... -i
3. 762.3 Vjg 5i
4L. ik
50 METER ZONE
S. o?gc 8p3p3
I 4
6. 4' Bz Me'*r,(cid:17) i'fz,q'y
'7. Mg : 375qQ
s. ,
TORITOD iL
RESRIGNATUREJ
Figure 6-3. Sample Field Message.
The message body is brief, accurate, and clear; facts
and opinions are distinguished. If secondhand infor-
Figure 6-2. Method of Searching Ground. mation is reported, its source is included. Reports in-
clude all information of value, first about the enemy,
and then about the originator. Information about the
enemy should cover—
6002. REPORTING
• Size andlor strength.
• Actions or activity.
It is imperative that the scout accurately and • Location and direction of movement.
completely report who, where, when, and what was • Unit identification. (The designation of the enemy
observed to the proper authority upon mission unit may be derived from unit markings, uniforms
completion. In most cases, a scout will not be equip- worn or through prisoner interrogation.)
ped with a radio. • Time of observation.
• Equipment and weapons.
Verbal Reports
Messages are printed in block letters. Individual items
Verbal reports should be made when writing is of information are numbered and separated into
impractical, when the information is not complicated paragraphs. If doubt exists as to message receipt by the
or when the enemy is likely to intercept a messenger commander, a summary of its contents is included in
carrying a written message. the next message. Information about the originator or
writer should cover—
Written Messages
• Location at the time of enemy observation (refer-
Written messages, preferred to verbal reports, are ence to an important terrain feature, by map coor-
recorded in message book blanks issued for that dinates, by the back azimuth from each of two
purpose (see fig. 6-3) and delivered to a higher definitely located points, or the back azimuth and
authority as soon as possible. The NATO spot report distance from one known point).
(SPOTREP) should be reviewed as the written mes- • Intentions. (Remain in position? Continue on the
sage is a NATO format. mission? Take other action?)

--- PAGE 37 ---
Scouting and Patrolling 6-3
The message is carefully reread and if possible read by
TREE CLUMP ON SMOKE HILL
another person to ensure understandability. If a
071405 JULY 1999
messenger is used, the messenger must read and
understand the message in order to answer any WHITE HOUSE
WITH SMALL
questions the commander might have.
RED BARN ON HILL 406 OUTBUILDINGS
Sketch
Information difficult to describe may be given
accurately on a simple sketch. The sketch may give all
the necessary information or it may be used to
supplement a written message. A military sketch is
generally one of two types: simple or panoramic. The
simple sketch is easily made and read.
Figure 6-4 shows a simple sketch that has been
included in the message itself. The sketch may be on a
separate sheet of paper, but all of the necessary
information must be contained in either the sketch, the
message or both.
The panoramic sketch is a picture of the terrain's
elevation in perspective, as seen from one point of
observation. Although a panoramic sketch is not
difficult to create, skill and training are necessary to
enhance usefulness. Figure 6-5 on page 6-4 illustrates
how to make a panoramic sketch.
Overlay
The same information sent back to higher head-
quarters on the sketch may be sent on an overlay, if the
sender and the person to whom the message is to be
sent have copies of the same map. Figure 6-6 on page
6-6 illustrates a simple overlay. The overlay is drawn
on transparent paper as follows:
SAME FOR REFERENCE
POINT SHOWN ON MAP
• Orient the map and place it on a hard, flat surface.
• Place the transparent paper over the part of the map
Figure 6-4. Making a Simple Sketch.
of the object or information to be transmitted and
hold the paper in this position.
• Orient the overlay to the map by tracing in the Explanatory notes are annotated in the overlay's
margin, arrows point to the objectives.
intersecting grid lines at two opposite corners of the
overlay. Write the correct number designation on • Indicate with an "X"and an appropriate explanation
the overlay. The cross made by the intersection is the position from which the observer saw the object
called a tick mark and enables the receiver to locate or obtained information.
the exact area on the map covered by the overlay. • Include title and scale of the map from which the
• Sketch the object seen or the information to be overlay was made, date and hour the information
transmitted on the tracing paper (the sheet on top of was obtained, and signature of the observer on the
the map) in the exact location it would appear on overlay in the lower right-hand corner.
the map (the sheet underneath the tracing paper).

--- PAGE 38 ---
6-4 MCWP 3-11.3
DRAW THE HORIZONTAL LINES
OF A LANDSCAPE.
PUT IN THE PROMINENT POINTS.
TRENCHES IN WHEAT FIELD
RED TANKAND BARN
AZIMUTH 22°
PUT NOTES ABOVE SKETCH. PUT
AZIMUTh FROM POSITiON TO MOST
PROMINENT POINT IN ThE SKETCH.
TRENCHES IN WHEAT FIELD
RED TANK AND BARN
AZIMUTh 22°
GIVE SKETCH A TrrLE. SHOW
WHERE IT WAS MADE, THE DATE
AND TIME, AND SIGN IT.
Figure 6-5. Panoramic Sketch.

--- PAGE 39 ---
Scouting and Patrolling
I ENEMY PLATOON
CONSTRUCTING TRENCH
AND BARBED WIRE
MY POSON
WHEN MAKING
OVERLAY
XkV
6 ENEMY TRUCKS WENT * SOLIDLY BUILT
NORTH AND 2 WENT SOUTH CEMENT BRIDGE
BETWEEN 0700 AND 0800
I
I BELIEVE A
MACHINEGUN IS
LOCATED HERE
FORK BETWEEN BRIDGE AND
STREAM, WATER 182 FEET
DEEP, GRAVEL BOTTOM
SLOPING BANKS
NOT TO SCALE
MAP EMMITSBURG SHEET
08005 OCTOBER 1999
c2. 41Z
Figure 6-6. Simple' Overlay.

--- PAGE 41 ---
CHAPTER 7. SCOUTING FIRE TEAMS
Upon completion of individual training, a Marine adapts this training to the
functioning of the unit. The basic tactical unit for scouting is the fire team. Within
the fire team, scouts normally work in pairs to furnish security and gather
information. Information gathered by the individual scouts is passed to the fire
team leader.
The distance between the scouting fire team and the
7001. POSITIONING platoon is terrain-dependent. The scouting fire team
should not be beyond visibility of the platoon. In open
terrain, the platoon commander usually directs the
When a rifle platoon in the approach march is not scouting fire team to move by bounds along a
preceded by adjacent units (left, right, front, and rear), succession of locations designated by the platoon
it employs its own scouting elements. The scouting commander as intermediate objectives.
element for a platoon is usually one fire team; how-
ever, an entire squad may be used. Individual scouts should advance as stealthily as
possible, while remaining consistent with their mis-
A fire team used as a scouting element is called a sion of reconnaissance to the front, taking advantage
scouting fire team and is controlled by the platoon of cover without delaying the advance. An occasional
commander, assisted by the squad leader. A squad glimpse of scouts constantly advancing over a wide
leader whose squad is providing the scouting fire front can make the enemy uneasy. It is this activity,
teams normally marches near the platoon commander and not the target the scouts offer, that may cause the
to assist in the control of the scouting fire teams. enemy to open fire and disclose its location.
A scouting fire team moves aggressively to cover the When fired upon, scouts must drop to cover and return
front of the advancing platoon and to locate the fire only when necessary to complete the mission. If
enemy's position(s). It generally moves in a wedge or
skirmisher's formation. Normally, a scouting fire team SCOUTS
is deployed on a frontage of 50 to 75 meters (10 to 17
meters between each individual scout). The entire
squad may be employed to cover a wider frontage. The
platoon commander coordinates the movement of the
scouting fire team(s) so as to protect the main body of
the platoon from enemy fire from points within 400 to
600 meters away, or in close terrain from points within
the limits of enemy observation.
Scouting fire team(s) should have enough firepower to
overcome resistance from small enemy advanced posts
and patrols; the intent is to make enemy riflemen and
machine gunners open fire and disclose their positions.
Without scouts in advance, the platoon may move into
areas where enemy fire may prevent further advance
or maneuver and inflict heavycasualties (see fig. 7-1).
Scouting fire teams are covered by the platoon or,
when the platoon is masked, the fire team leader
ensures individual scouts are maneuvered and coor-
dinated so that the fire team covers its own advance.
The fire team leader constantly watches for signals
Figure 7-1. Position of Scouts Preceding
from the platoon commander and remains in visual
an Attacking Platoon.
contact at all times.

--- PAGE 42 ---
7-2 MCWP 3-11.3
necessary, one scout reports back to the fire team
PICK OUT POSSIBLE POSITIONS THAT HAVE A GOOD
leader who informs the platoon commander. FIELD OF FIRE, INDICATED BY + 4 BELOW.
7002. LOCATING ENEMY POSITIONS
The key terrain of defensive positions are those points
that afford extended observation over the ground
where the attack must advance. The enemy will place
machine guns and infantry to defend critical points.
POSITIONS WHICH AFFORD THE ENEMY COVER ARE
Members of a scouting fire team preceding an attack- POSSIBLE MACHINEGUN POSITIONS.
ing platoon identify the probable enemy infantry and
machine gun positions (see fig. 7-2). They use con-
cealment and cover to conduct their advance in order
to discover the exact location of enemy positions.
7003. ACTION WITH AN ATTACKING
PLATOON
POSITIONS FROM WHICH FLANKING FIRE CAN BE
The scouting fire team reconnoiters to the front of the
DELIVERED ARE CONSIDERED THE MOST DANGEROUS.
advancing platoon. As soon as the scouting fire team
leader indicates the area is secure, the platoon
advances and the scouting fire team moves forward.
Squads within the platoon advance by bounds; at least
one squad is positioned to support the other(s) by fire.
Successive positions along the line of advance are
selected and designated by the platoon commander as
intermediate objectives, and reconnoitered by the
scouting fire team before occupation. By conducting
proper reconnaissance, surprise by the enemy or
movement in the wrong direction may be prevented. Figure 7-2. Assessing Probable Enemy Machine
Gun Positions.
Movement
order to be prepared to go into action immediately and
The distance between the scouting fire team and the to cover a wide frontage of 50 to75 meters.
front of the main body of the platoon is dependent on
the mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and As a scouting fire team advances in open terrain, it is
support available, and time available (METT-T). In supported when possible by elements of the platoon;
close terrain, such as dense woods, the scouting fire in close terrain, by mutual support within each fire
team's movements closely resemble those used for team. Mutual support within the fire team is ac-
night operations. In approaching houses, woods, and complished by the fire team leader and the automatic
villages, one scout of each pair covers the other while rifleman forming a team that supports by fire the
the latter reconnoiters (see fig. 7-3). advance of the rifleman and assistant automatic
rifleman until they reach a location designated by the
A scouting fire team moves forward aggressively to fire team leader. The rifleman and assistant automatic
cover the front of the advancing platoon, usually rifleman then support by fire the movement of the
adopting either skirmisher's or wedge formation in team leader and automatic rifleman. These successive

--- PAGE 43 ---
Scouting and Patrolling 7-3
points to which the sub elements of the fire team move close terrain or conditions of limited visibility, the
are normally designated as fire team intermediate scouting fire team is normally ordered to precede the
objectives by the fire team leader. The fire team leader platoon at the limit of visibility, maintaining visual
sets as many fire team intermediate objectives as contact with the platoon commander.
necessary to maintain mutual supportwithin the team.
This process is repeated until the team can be covered
Action in Woods
by other elements of the rifle platoon.
When a scouting fire team is directed to advance over
A scouting fire team takes advantage of available
open ground to the edge of a woodline, two members
cover and concealment without delaying its advance. of the team, preferably the rifleman and assistant
The orders of the platoon commander govern the
automatic rifleman, reconnoiter inside the woodline
distance at which it precedes the platoon. The terrain
while the remainder of the fire team covers them. It is
and the probable position of the enemy affect the not recommended they separate until finished with
scouting fire team's distance in front of the platoon. It
their reconnaissance of the far side of the danger area.
may be as much as 400 to 600 meters in advance of the Both members staying together can cover the same
platoon. In open terrain, the platoon commander area using a zigzag reconnaissance and they are better
usually directs that the scouting fire team move by
equipped to overcome any opposition.
bounds to a succession of intermediate objectives. In
In heavy underbrush and/or poor visibility, the
rifleman and assistant automatic rifleman proceed into
With platoon in
the woodline together for 50 to 60 meters. The two
woods, scouts
then separate, searching out either flank to the first
reach open field
and see house high ground or limits of observation, probably 50 to
ahead. They signal 100 meters (see fig. 7-4 on page 7-4). After the initial
halt, meaning that
search and out posting the limit of advance, the re-
the platoon should
not advance maining scout signals the fire team forward.
beyond this point.
Reconnaissance In light underbrush and/or good visibility, the assistant
shows house to be automatic rifleman remains at the edge of the
clear. Scouts
woodline while the rifleman searches the woodline.
signal forward
I
and proceed. (see fig. 7-5 on page 7-5). The rifleman searches the
woodline in a zigzag pattern, reports back to the
assistant automatic rifleman, then moves to an outpost
Crossing open space,
scout sees position position at the limit of advance. In turn, the fire team
from which machine- leader signals the platoon commander that it is safe for
gun may sweep this
the platoon to move forward.
area. He signals
double time and
points to the MG The fire team leader then moves the remainder of the
position meaning this
fire team into the woods, joining up with the forward
area is dangerous.
From that point scout manning the outpost. The scouting fire team
platoon should hurry across. occupies and holds a line 50 to 75 meterswithin the
woods and observes toward the direction ofmovement
Scout reconnoiters until the platoon closes up. The scouting fire team
for a short distance leader awaits further word from the platoon com-
into woods. Finding
mander before moving the team further into the
edge of woods to be
unoccupied, another woods.
scout returns to
edge of woods and
signals forward. When directed, the scouting fire teamleader moves the
They both enter team forward until they reach the far edge of the
woods and wait for woods. The team is held at the edge of the woods and
platoon to close up.
the fire team leader notifies the platooncommander of
the situation. The platoon commander moves the
Figure 7-3. Conduct of Scouts platoon to a position where it can cover the scouting
Preceding a Platoon.

--- PAGE 44 ---
7-4 MCWP 3-11.3
)5 ?
— —0—
(CJf3
A
3
A- Both scouts enter woodline.
B- Scouts separate.
C- Scouts link up; one scout stops and
signals all clear to the fire team leader.
The other scout again advances into
the woods.
0-Outpost position of scout.
Figure 7-4. Searching Edge of a Woodline (Dense Underbrush/Poor Visibility).
fire team as it exits the woods and directs the team Action Under Fire
leader to move out and continue the scouting mission.
When a scouting fire team is fired upon, they im-
A scouting fire team passing through woods ahead of mediately take cover, locate targets, and return fire.
its unit maintains a distance allowing visual and oral The scouting fire team leader then determines—
communications. If an obstacle is encountered,
reconnaissance to its front and flanks must be carried • Location of enemy (range and reference points).
out. When advancing along a road or path, scouts • Extent of position (location of flanks).
precede the platoon to provide necessary protection • Types of positions (obstacles, bunkders, fighting
and to prevent surprise fire on the platoon. When
holes, etc.).
crossing a road or path, they reconnoiter well to the
• Number of enemy.
flanks before signaling "all clear" to the platoon.
• Enemy weapons (machine guns, mortars, tanks,
etc.).
The scouting fire team will not exit the woods until the
arrival of the platoon commander, who will then be
The platoon commander assesses the situation as
given an opportunity to alter the disposition or
quickly as possible based on the limited information
direction of march. The point where the platoon exits
obtained. Usually the platoon commander brings up
the woods is considered a danger area where the
the remaining squads, sets up a base of fire, and as-
platoon is vulnerable to enemy fire. The scouting fire
saults the enemy position. Should the enemy position
team is sent ahead to reconnoiter the danger area, as
prove too strong for the platoon, the platoon remains
well as the next area to be occupied by the platoon.
engaged with the enemy as a base of fire until the re-
They signal back whether conditions require a halt, an
mainder of the company is committed to clear the
advance or a quick rush across the open area. The
enemy resistance.
scouting fire team leader must be continually on the
lookout for signals from the rear.

--- PAGE 45 ---
Scouting and Patrolling 7-5
7004. ACTION WITH AN ENVELOPING
UNIT
When a platoon is given the mission to envelop an
enemy position, a scouting fire team is employed for
protection and reconnaissance in the same way as
when the platoon is advancing in the approach march.
A- Both scouts enter woods. Assistant
automatic rifleman remains here and
covers forward movement of rifleman.
B through G - Rifleman moves to these
positions, stopping and observing
before moving to next position.
G to A - Rifleman reports results of his
search to the assistant automatic
rifleman.
A to H - Rifleman moves to out-post
position.
Figure 7-5. Searching Edge of a Wood line (Light
Underbrush/Good Visibility).

--- PAGE 47 ---
PART 2. INFANTRY PATROLLING
CHAPTER 8. FUNDAMENTALS OF INFANTRY PATROLLING
This chapter begins Part 2 and provides basic information about infantry patrols;
specifically, their purpose, types, and missions. Infantry patrol training is also
addressed and keys to successful patrolling are presented. Subsequent chapters of
this part cover patrol organization, preparation, movement, and reconnaissance
actions.
information. Modern warfare places a high premium
8001. DEFINITIONS on effective patrolling because units have larger areas
of operations and can be threatened from all
directions. As distances between units increase, more
A patrol is a detachment of ground, sea or air forces patrolling becomes necessary to prevent infiltration by
sent out for the purpose of gathering information or guerrillas or small enemy units, as well as to maintain
carrying out a destructive, harassing, mopping-up or contact with friendly adjacent units. Active patrolling
security mission (Joint Publication [JP] 1-02). The by numerous small groups is needed to locate the
mission to conduct a patrol may be given to a fire enemy and gather information on the enemy's
team, squad, platoon or company. disposition, strength, morale, and weapons, as well as
gather and confirm information about the terrain.
8002. RELATION OF PATROLLING TO
SCOUTING 8004. TYPES OF PATROLS
Each patrol member must be knowledgeable in the Classification as to Mission
principles of scouting and maintain membership of a
larger team. To develop the teamwork skills required
Reconnaissance Patrol
among the members of a patrol, additional training
patrols gather information about the
Reconnaissance
beyond the basic principles is necessary to become a
enemy, terrain or resources. Relying on stealth rather
well-trained scout. A patrol member must respond
than combat strength, they gather this information and
quickly to the decisions and orders of the patrol leader.
fight only when necessary to complete the mission or
There must be complete confidence among all
to defend themselves. The distance covered by re-
members of the patrol and the confidence that they, as
connaissance patrols varies based on the terrain and
a team, will be successful in theirmission.
mission. The squad is ideally suited for reconnaissance
patrol missions because of its relative small size and
its experience of working together.
8003. PURPOSE
CombatPatrol
A combat patrol is a fighting patrol assigned missions
A commander must have current information about that require engagement with the enemy in combat.
the enemy and the terrain in order to employ the unit Larger and more heavily armed than reconnaissance
effectively. Patrols are an important means of gaining patrols, combat patrols have a mission to capture
this information and are used to destroy enemy enemy documents, provide security, and capture or
installations, capture enemy personnel, perform destroy enemy equipment and installations. Such
security missions or prevent the enemy from gaining action is ordinarily followed by a return to friendly

--- PAGE 48 ---
8-2 MCWP 3-11.3
positions. Regardless of the mission, the patrol reports Helicopterborne Patrols
any information concerning the enemy and terrain Where terrain is extremely difficult or the enemy
acquired during the accomplishment of the assigned
situation precludes the use of vehicle or motorized
mission. There are four types of combat patrols: raid,
patrols, helicopterborne patrols are a method or means
contact, ambush, and security (normally conducted by to conduct a patrol.
a Marine rifle platoon). A rifle platoon reinforced with
crew-served weapons is normally considered the
minimum size for contact, economy of force or
ambush patrols. In some situations, such as the capture 8005. TRAINING
of a small enemy outpost, a rifle platoon could conduct
a raid. However, a raid is a complex mission and, due
to the organization of a raid force (command, recon- Training is essential to successful patrolling.
naissance, assault, support, security, and reserve ele- Premature and unordered actions by members of the
ments), a rifle company is normally the smallest force patrol destroy coordination and control. Leaders are
assigned to a raid. trained to issue their orders calmly to inspire
confidence and discipline, and to avoid misunder-
standing. Patrol members must work together and
Classification as to Means of Movement
fight as a team. Training should develop the following
skills:
Foot Patrols
Movement by foot is the most common means;
• Expertise in handling individual and special
however, there are inherent disadvantages. Foot
weapons, and familiarity with enemy weapons that
patrols travel slowly and carry limited quantity and
may be captured.
types of equipment and supplies. Range and area
• Recognize camouflaged personnel, equipment, and
coverage is relatively restricted. Foot patrols also have
defensive positions; ability to pick up fleeting
apparent advantages in that they have fewer
targets fire the rifle from any firing position.
restrictions as to terrain that can be covered; are more
• Understand fire discipline and, after weapon firing,
difficult for the enemy to detect; provide thorough
immediately change position (see fig. 8-1).
coverage within limits of range; and are generally not
• Quick and accurate observation skills, and the
inhibited by weather.
ability to recall and transmit clearly and briefly,
both orally and in writing.
Motorized Patrols
Where terrain and road networks permit, a motorized
patrol overcomes the inherent disadvantages of the
foot patrol. Mechanized forces require patrolling units
that can keep pace with them. However, motorized
patrols are restricted to certain types of terrain, and
tend to bypass areas that may be advantageous to and
occupied by enemy infantry.
Waterborne Patrols
Waterbomepatrols move over seas, lakes, rivers and
streams, canals, and other inland waterways. The
water is either used as a medium of entry to an
objective area or is the actual patrol route. Waterborne
patrols are limited by the location of water routes in
the terrain and tend to bypass areas that may be
advantageous to and occupied by the enemy.
Figure 8-1. Changing Position After Firing.

--- PAGE 49 ---
Scouting and Patrolling 8-3
• Recognize and quickly respond to improvised
8006. KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL
signals, visually or by sound.
PATROLLING
• Ability to swim with weapon and equipment.
• Use issued or improvised camouflage suits and
garnish helmet in order to blend with the surround- Regardless of the category or means of conducting a
ings. Smudge face, hands, and any bright surfaces
patrol, the keys to successful patrolling are—
of weapons and equipment with some substance,
Detailed planning. Every portion of the patrol must
such as mud or charcoal, to prevent the reflection of
be planned, all possible contingencies considered.
light.
• Productive, realistic rehearsals. Each phase of the
• Silence self, equipment, and weapon.
patrol is rehearsed, beginning with actions in the
• Use antimalarial and waterpurification tablets. objective area. Similar terrain and environmental
• Acclimation to temperature extremes. conditions are used when conducting rehearsals.
• Develop a sense of direction and learn how to • Thorough reconnaissance. Ideally, the patrol leader
follow a course by compass, stars, sun, flow of will physically conduct a reconnaissance of the
streams, prominent terrain features, and by route and objective. Photographs andlor maps will
observing other natural phenomenon. Learn to be used to supplement the reconnaissance.
determine the distance traveled from a known point • Positive control. The patrol leader must maintain
and to keep a record of azimuths and the distance positive control, this includes supervision during
traveled on each azimuth (dead reckoning). patrol preparations.
• Call for and adjust indirectfire assets. • All-around security. Security must be maintained at
all times, particularly near the end of the patrol
• Familiarization with all communications assets and
where there is a natural tendency to relax.
the use of field expedient antennae.