SOURCE: /mnt/d/GoogleDrive/Cercetasi/carti-camp-jocuri/MCWP 3-11.3 Scouting and Patrolling.pdf CONVERTED: 2025-01-11 ================================================== --- PAGE 1 --- MCWP 3-11.3 Scouting and Patrolling U.S. Marine Corps Distribution Statement A: approved for public release; distribution is unlimited PCN 143 000075 00 --- PAGE 2 --- To Our Readers Changes: Readers of this publication are encouraged to submit suggestions and changes that will improve it. Recommendations may be sent directly to Commanding General, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Doctrine Division (C 42), 3300 Russell Road, Suite 318A, Quantico, VA 22134-5021 or by fax to 703-784-2917 (DSN 278-2917) or by E-mail to morgannc@mccdc.usmc.mil.R ecommendations should include the following information: Location of change Publication number and title Current page number Paragraph number (if applicable) Line number Figure or table number (if applicable) Nature of change Add, delete Proposed new text, preferably double-spaced and typewritten Justification andlor source of change Additional copies: A printed copy of this publication may be obtained from Marine Corps Logistics Base, Albany, GA 3 1704-5001, by following the instructions in MCBul 5600, Ma- rine Corps Doctrinal Publications Status. An electronic copy may be obtained from the Doc- trine Division, MCCDC, world wide web home page which is found at the following universal reference locator: http://www.doctrine.usmc.mil. Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine or feminine gender is used, both men and women are included. --- PAGE 3 --- DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, DC 20380-1776 17 April 2000 FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-11.3, Scouting and Patrolling, provides the doctrinal foundation and the tactics, techniques, and procedures for scouting and patrolling conducted by Marines from the fire team to the company level. Although the information focuses on infantry units, much of the information is also applicable to combat support units that are assigned patrolling missions. 2. SCOPE MCWP 3-11.3 provides all Marines with the instructional material they need to build the skills necessary to become effective scouts and patrol team members. This publication provides the fundamentals of scouting and patrolling and their relationship to each other. It also addresses organizational structure of teams and patrols, the training required to develop teamwork, and reporting requirements. 3. SUPERSESSION MCWP 3-11.3 supersedes Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 6-7, Scouting and Patrolling, dated 6 January 1989. 4. CERTIFICATION Reviewed and approved this date. BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS j.Ti(cid:18)LocL-' J. E. RHODES Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps Commanding General Marine Corps Combat Development Command DISTRIBUTION: 143 000075 00 --- PAGE 5 --- TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. SCOUTING Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Scouting 1001 Purpose 1-1 1002 Required Scouting Skills 1-1 Chapter 2. Terrain, Maps, and Direction 2001 Terrain Features 2-1 2002 The Lensatic Compass 2-1 2003 Stars, Sun, and Other Features 2-5 2004 Range Determination 2-6 Chapter 3. Enemy Activity 3001 Estimating Enemy Strengths 3-1 3002 Interpreting Signs and Tracks 3-1 3003 Knowing the Enemy 3-2 Chapter 4. Daylight Scouting 4001 Cover and Concealment 4-1 4002 Camouflage 4-2 4003 Individual Movement 4-3 4004 Route Selection 4_S Chapter 5. Night Scouting 51 5001 Night Vision 5002 Appearance of Objects 5-3 5003 Sounds 53 5004 Smells and Touch 5005 Clothing and Weapons 5-3 5006 Concealment 5-3 5007 Aids to Night Scouting 5-4 5008 Aids to Night Movement 5-4 5009 Locating and Plotting the Enemy at Night 5-6 50010 Routes of Movement 5-8 Chapter 6. Observing and Reporting 6001 Observation Posts 6-1 6002 Reporting 6-2 --- PAGE 6 --- MCWP 3-11.3 Chapter 7. Scouting Fire Team 7001 Positioning 7-1 7002 Locating Enemy Positions 7-2 7003 Action With an Attacking Platoon 7-2 7004 Action With an Enveloping Unit 7-5 PART 2. INFANTRY PATROLLING Chapter 8. Fundamentals of Infantry Patrolling 8001 Defmitions 8-1 8002 Relation of Patrolling to Scouting 8-1 8003 Purpose 8-1 8004 Types of Patrols 8-1 8005 Training 8-2 8006 Keys to Successful Patrolling 8-3 Chapter 9. Patrol Organization 9001 General Organization 9-1 9002 Task Organization 9-1 Chapter 10. Patrol Preparation 10001 Mission 10-1 10002 Factors Influencing Patrol Size 10-1 10003 Commander's Duties 10-1 10004 Patrol Leader Duties 10-2 Chapter 11. Movement to and Return from the Objective Area 11001 Passage of Lines 11-1 11002 Organization for Movement 11-1 11003 Control Measures for Movement 11-4 11004 Precautions at Danger Areas 11-5 11005 Hide 11-6 11006 Immediate Actions Upon Enemy Contact 11-6 11007 Patrol Leader's Action in a Developing Situation 11-10 11008 Return From Objective Area 11-10 Chapter 12. Reconnaissance Patrols 12001 General Missions 12-1 12002 Specific Missions 12-1 12003 Types of Reconnaissance 12-2 12004 Task Organization 12-2 12005 Size of Reconnaissance Patrols 12-3 --- PAGE 7 --- Scouting and Patrolling Reconnaissance Equipment . 12006 12-3 12007 Reconnaissance Patrol Actions at the Objective Area 12-3 Chapter 13. Combat Patrols 13001 Task Organization 13-1 13002 Equipment 13-1 13003 Raid Patrols 13-1 13004 Contact Patrols 13-3 13005 Ambush Patrols 13-3 13006 Security Patrols 13-7 13007 Urban Patrols 13-8 Chapter 14. Information and Reports 14001 Reporting 14-1 14002 Captured Items 14-1 14003 Prisoners 14-2 14004 Patrol Report 14-2 14005 Patrol Critique 14-2 A-l Appendix A. Patrol Warning Order B-i Appendix B. Patrol Order Appendix C. Patrol Evaluation Checklist C- 1 Appendix D. Ambush Formations D-1 Appendix E. Acronyms E- 1 F-i Appendix F. References --- PAGE 9 --- PART I. SCOUTING CHAPTER 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF SCOUTING Scouting involves observing terrain andlor the enemy, and accurately reporting those observations. Scouting requires proficiency in the use of weapons, cover and concealment, route selection, and skill in unobserved day or night movement. the enemy, the terrain, and adjacent friendly units. 1001. PURPOSE Well-trained scouts and capably led patrols are among the most effective means the commander has for acquiring the information necessary to plan tactical When an infantry unit is not actively fighting the actions and make decisions in execution. enemy, it should be actively searching forthe enemy, which is the primary purpose of scouting. The unit attempts to keep the enemy off balance while making preparations for further attacks. Physically locating 1002. REQUIRED SCOUTING SKILLS and keeping the enemy off balance are normally accomplished by small units ranging from a two- person scouting party to a squad-size patrol. To be effective, a scout must be able to— • Recognize terrain features. Infantrymen are sent out as scouts or as members of a patrol because the commander needs information • Read a map and determine direction. about the enemy, terrain, and the location of friendly • Practice and implement the principles of cover and troops. The lives of the entire unit may depend upon concealment. the success or failure of a scout or patrol and the accuracy and timeliness of the report. The success of • Fully utilize movement and route selection. the scout or patrol will depend upon their training, • Know the enemy (estimate enemyunit composition preparation by the commander, and understanding and strength). their mission and the commander's requirements. • Observe and report information accurately. To wage combat successfully, a commander must • Select routes and move through numerous types of have accurate, detailed, and timely information about terrain. --- PAGE 11 --- CHAPTER 2. TERRAIN, MAPS, AND DIRECTION A scout must understand map symbols, identify elevations from coinnttoeruvral lines, scale distance on a map, relate natural and man-made features shown on the map to the actual features on the ground, plot a course from one point to another, and locate his current position. To relate a map to the actual terrain and its features, a scout must be able to orient it to the ground using a compass, two points, a watch, and the sun or the stars. The standard compass for general use in the Marine 2001. TERRAIN FEATURES Corps is the pivot-mounted lensatic compass, so called because azimuths are read through a magnifying lens in the eyepiece. Figure 2-2, on page 2-2, shows the the infantry works and fights on the ground, lensatic compass and its nomenclature. The meter Since terrain ashore information that scouts gather and graphic scale on the side of the compass is 1:50,000, report on is of great importance. Hills, valleys, woods, which is the most used scale in military mapping. The and streams are the forms and growths commonly graphic scale is useful in the field as a straightedge, an referred to as natural land features. Artificial or man- aid in orienting the map, and a means ofreading map made features include houses, bridges, and railroads. grid coordinates. The plastic dial is graduated in both Figure 2-1 shows some important terrain features. degrees and mils. Numbers on the dial are printed in black. There are luminous markings on the bezel, floating dial, and on both ends of the sighting wire, plus a 3-degree bezel serration and clickingdevice that 2002. THE LENSATIC COMPASS permit reading azimuths at night. The compass is carried in a nylon case that may be attached to the cartridge belt. The best method of fmding direction, during both day and night, is with a compass. The lensatic and M2 are Magnetic compasses are affected by the presence of the two types of compasses issued to infantry units. iron or magnetic fields. Consequently, the scout Both work on the same principle. should not be within the influence of local magnetic Figure 2-1. Natural and Artificial Terrain Features. --- PAGE 12 --- 2-2 MCWP 3-11.3 GRADUATED STRAIGHT EDGE Figure 2-2. Lensatic Compass. attraction while using a compass to determine direc- of the hand closed. The closed hand and wrist are tion. The rifle, pistol, and other metal objects must be grasped with the other hand. The elbows are drawn in laid aside when reading the compass. The minimum close to the body, forming a firm foundation for the distances the scout should be from visible masses of compass. The eye is placed to the lens on the eyepiece. iron and electrical fields of magnetism for the compass The compass is pointed at the object or point to which to provide accurate readings are provided below. the azimuth is to be read. A sighting is taken through the sighting slot in the eyepiece, and the point is lined up with the sighting wire in the cover. The compass is Minimum held until the dial steadies; then the reading is taken Magnetic Fields Distances through the lens of the eyepiece. This reading is the (meters) magnetic azimuth of the line from the observer to the High tension powerlines 60 point. Field guns 20 Reading a Back Azimuth Vehicles (wheeled or tracked) 20 Telephone and telegraph wires 10 A back azimuth is the direction opposite the line of Barbed wire 10 sight. If the azimuth is less than 180 degrees, the back azimuth is obtained by adding 180 degrees. If the Machine gun 3 azimuth is greater than 180 degrees, the back azimuth Rifle, pistol 1 is obtained by subtracting 180 degrees. Back azimuths are used to determine a return route or to resection to determine a current position. Reading an Azimuth To read an azimuth to any point, the cover of the Circumventing Obstacles compass is raised to an angle of 90 degrees in relation to the index face, and the eyepiece is lifted to a 45- When a scout is traveling on an azimuth and comes upon an obstacle—such as a contaminated area, degree angle in relation to the bezel, or so the numbers on the dial can be seen. The thumb of either hand is minefield or swamp—the following steps (sometimes placed in the thumb ioop, the index finger extended referred to as the 90-degree offset method) is em- along the side of the compass case, and the remainder ployed to go around or circumvent the obstacle and --- PAGE 13 --- Scouting and Patrolling 2-3 resume movement along the original azimuth (see fig. must be fully charged by sunlight or artificial light, such as a flashlight. To set a compass— 2-3). The steps are as follows: 1. Move up to the obstacle and make a full 90- 1. Move the compass so that the desired azimuth on the dial is directly under the index line on the degree turn to the right (or left). lower glass. 2. Walk beyond the obstacle, keeping track of the 2. Rotate the upper movable glass so that the distance in paces or meters. luminous line is directly above the north arrow of the 3. Stand at the end of the obstacle, face in the dial. original direction of march, and follow that azimuth 3. Set the compass for marching at night on the until the obstacle has been passed. specified azimuth. 4. Make a 90-degree turn to the left (or right) and move the distance previously measured to return to —OR— the original line of march. 1. Face the general direction of movement. 2. Line up the north arrow and the luminous line on the bezel with the luminous sighting dots. TURN 9O RIGHT TURN 90 RIGHT 3. Hold the compass still with one hand and grip the knurled bezel ring with the other hand. 4. Turn the bezel ring the prescribed number of clicks in the proper direction, remembering that each click equals 3 degrees. For example, to set an azimuth of 21 degrees, the bezel ring would be turned seven clicks to the left. 5. Turn the whole compass until the north needle lines up with the luminous line. The compass is then set on the desired azimuth. The azimuth is the line TURN 90 TURN 90• formed by the two luminous sighting dots on the LEFT 70 LEFT inside of the cover. Figure 2-3. Circumventing an Obstacle. To march on a preset azimuth during night movement, open the compass and move it so the north arrow is directly below the luminous line (see fig. 2-4). Move Following an Azimuth During the Day DESTINATION The eye is placed to the lens in the eyepiece and the compass moved until the desired azimuth reading is —I—IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII visible beneath the fixed index. Without moving the NORTH compass, the vision is shifted from the lens through the sighting slot in the eyepiece, and asighting is taken 0° out beyond the sighting wire in the cover.A prominent terrain feature on this line of sight is selected, the com- pass closed, and the landmark approached. When the scout reaches the landmark, the procedure is repeated. Following an Azimuth at Night It is necessary to prepare and set the compass before departing on a night movement because atnight only the luminous parts of the compass can be seen. To prepare the compass for night use, the luminous parts Figure 2-4. Following a Night Azimuth. --- PAGE 14 --- 2-4 MCWP 3-11.3 in the direction of the line formed by the two luminous sighting dots. It is necessary to refer to the compass more frequently at night than during the day. If stars are visible, find a prominent star along the azimuth of movement to use as a reference point. When the view of the sky is restricted by overcast conditions or vege- tation, send a scout forward along the azimuth of movement to the limit of visibility. This scout is guid- ed along the azimuth of movement by a stationaryna- vigator. When the scout reaches the limit of visibility, the navigator moves to the scout's location. Thispro- cess is repeated until the destination is reached. A more rapid method for reaching the scout's destination is to equip the navigator with a compass. The navigator can set the compass as explained earlier and the scout proceeds providing security 180 degrees to the front on the specified azimuth, receiving right and left corrections from the navigator while bothare on the move. The point scout must stay within visual range of the navigator. If available, a strip of white or luminous tape on the back of the point scout's helmet will assist. Intersection Figure 2-5. Intersection. Intersection is the location of an unknown point by successively occupying at least two, preferably three known positions and sightings on the unknown point. To check accuracy, move to a third position and repeat It is used to locate features not depicted on the map or steps 1 thorough 4. Where the lines cross is the not readily identifiable. To determine an intersection, location of the unknown position. Using three lines, a perform the following steps (see fig. 2-5): triangle is sometimes formed—called the triangle of error—instead of an intersection. If the triangle is large, recheck your work to find the error. Do not 1. Orient the map using the compass. assume that the position is at the center of the triangle. 2. Locate and mark your position on the map. 3. Measure the magnetic azimuth to the unknown Resection position; then convert to grid azimuth. Resection is the location of the user's unknown 4. Draw a line on the map from your position on this position by sighting on two or three known features grid azimuth. that are identifiable on the map. To determine a 5. Move to a second known position from which resection, perform the following steps (see fig. 2-6): unknown point is visible. Locate this position on the map and again orient the map using the compass. 1. Orient the map using the compass. The second unknown position should be a minimum 2. Locate two or three known positions on the of 30 degrees offset from the first position. ground and mark them on the map. 6. Repeat steps 4 and 5. 3. Measure the magnetic azimuth to a known position then convert to grid azimuth. --- PAGE 15 --- Scouting and Patrolling 2-5 4. Change the grid azimuth to a back azimuth and Zone (north of the equator), the Big Dipper constel- draw a line on the map from the known position lation is one key to determining direction of true north. back toward the unknown position. It is made up of seven fairly bright stars in the shape of a dipper with a long curved handle (see fig. 2-7). The 5. Repeat step 3 and step 4 to determine a second two stars that form the side of the cup farthest from the known position. handle, used as pointers, are situated in the direction of a bright star that is about five times the distance between the two stars of the dipper cup. This bright star is the North Star and is directly over the North Pole. The pointers always designate the North Star, which is the direction of true north. * POINT ABOVE NORTH POLE. / / * / / * NORTH POLE Figure 2-7. Locating the North Pole. In the Southern Hemisphere, true south is determined in relation to the Southern Cross, a constellation composed of five stars. Two bright pointer stars in the Figure 2-6. Resection. vicinity of the Southern Cross serve as locators to help locate true south (see fig. 2-8). The outer four stars are To check accuracy, repeat the steps above for a third known position. The intersection ofthe lines is your location. Using three lines, a triangle of error may be SOUTHERN CROSS formed. If the triangle is large, recheck. / - / POINT / ABOVE / / SOUTH 2OO3 STARS, SUN, AND OTHER 1 FEATURES _____ In rare cases when a scout is without a compass, the following examples are alternate means to determine direction. When using constellations to determine direction, identify your location'sTemperate Zone. A Temperate Zone is the area between the tropics and I the polar circles. POINTERS At night, the stars provide an excellent means of maintaining a line of march. In the North Temperate Figure 2-8. Locating the South Pole. --- PAGE 16 --- 2-6 MCWP 3-11.3 fairly bright and form a cross. This cross is imagined as the frame of a kite. A straight tail, four and one half N times as long as the length of the kite itself, is put on the kite using fmger widths for a measuring stick. The end of this tail will be close to a position directlyover the South Pole. Usually, it will not be possible to see a star in the immediate vicinity, because there is no bright star visible directly above the South Pole. During daylight hours, a watch and the sun can be used to determine direction within 8 degrees. In the North Temperate Zone, the watch is held horizontally, face up, and the hour hand pointed at the sun (see fig. Figure 2-10. Determining Direction by Watch and 2-9). The north-south line and the direction of south Sun (South Temperate Zone). can be found midway between the hour hand and the number 12, if the watch is set on standard time. If in daylight savings time, the direction of south is found using a mountain for orientation. By previous study of midway between the hour hand and the number 1. maps and photographs, a scout can keep informed of location and direction by using a distinctive edge of woods, a deep ravine or the direction of a stream's flow. A scout should constantly evaluate and memorize both the immediate terrain and general area for prominent features and landmarks. 2004. RANGE DETERMINATION Range determination is the method of finding the distance between an observer and an enemy target or an object. By accurate range determination, the S members of a given unit can set their sights correctly and place effective fire on enemy targets. The degree of accuracy is dependent on several factors, such as terrain relief, time available, and experience of the Figure 2-9. Determining Direction by Watch and observer. Sun (North Temperate Zone). Mental Estimation In the South Temperate Zone, if the watch is set on standard time, the number 12 on the watch is pointed Amental distance estimate is made using a known unit at the sun; if the watch is set on daylight savings time, of measure. Distance is estimated to the nearest 100 the number 1 is pointed at the sun. North is midway meters by determining the number of known units of between 12 (or 1) and the hour hand (see fig. 2-10). measure between the observer's position and a target. For example, a football field, which is 100 yards, can When laying in a north-south line, if any doubt exists be used as a known unit of measure for determining as to which end of the line is north, remember that the the distance between an observer's position and a sun is in the east before noon and in the west in the target. For longer distances, progressive estimation afternoon. may be necessary. To do this, the observer determines the number of units of measure to an intermediate In addition to the sun and stars, other methods a scout point and doubles the value. The observer should without a compass can use to determine direction consider the effects in table 2-1 in estimating dis- include determining prevailing wind direction and tances. --- PAGE 17 --- 2-7 Scouting and Patrolling Table 2-1. Effects to Consider Table 2-2. Estimating Distance in Mental Estimation of Distances. in Wooded Terrain. Objects Appear Objects Appear More Distance Nearer Distant in Tree Description Meters In bright light. In poor light or in fog. 1,000 Trunk and main branches are visible. Foliage In clear air at high altitude. Only a small part of the appears in cluster-like shape. Daylight may be object can be seen. seen through the foliage. The background is in con- The background is similar 2,000 Trunk visible, main branches distinguishable, trast with the color of the in color to that of the foliage appears as smooth surface. Outline of object. object. foliage of separate trees distinguishable. The observer is looking The observer is looking 3,000 Lower half of trunk visible. Branches blend down from a height. over a depression, most of with foliage. Foliage blends with adjoining which is visible. trees. The observer is looking The observer is kneeling 4,000 Trunk and branches blend with foliage and over a depression, most of or sitting, especially on a appears as a continuous cluster, smooth in which is hidden. hot day, when the ground appearance. Movement of foliage due towind is moist. cannot be deleted. The observer is looking 5,000 and Whole areacovered by trees and appears down a straight feature beyond smooth and dark. such as a road. The observer is looking over water, snow, or a uni- form surface such as a Table 2-3. Estimating Distance cultivated field or desert. in Urban Terrain. Estimating in Good Visibility Distance in Object Identified by the Meters Unaided Eye When visibility is good, distances can be estimated by 1,000 Lone treetrunk using the appearance of tree trunks, branches, and and horsemen foliage (as seen by the naked eye) incomparison with 1,500 map data. Table 2-2 is a guide for wooded terrain. 3,000 Chimneys on rooftops Table 2-3 is a guide for urban environments. 4,000 in houses Individual houses in populated area Estimating From a Terrain Study 4,000—5,000 Villagesand individual houses 8,000—9,000 Marine should always use terrain/map analysis to T as h s e ist in estimating distances. When the Marine is 15,000—18,000 Large houses, towers, and steeples looking in a specific direction, the estimation of distance can be enhanced by studying the terrain and comparing it with the map. Particular emphasis should be given to color contrasts ofterrain features seen the distance may be identifiable byonly slight changes For example, the of color to the eye. Different colors of grass might along the observer-target line (OTL). distance across successive ridge lines or depressions in reveal a hidden terrain feature such as a stream. --- PAGE 19 --- CHAPTER 3. ENEMY ACTIVITY A commander often acts on information furnished by scouts. Therefore, scouts must aim at absolute accuracy in reporting enemy activity. This chapter discusses estimating enemy strengths, interpreting signs and tracks, and knowing the enemy. indicates good discipline. Rubbish, ration and 3001. ESTIMATING ENEMY STRENGTHS smoking residue, and nonessential personal items of equipment adrift indicate a lower state of morale, training, and discipline. Stores and material left behind If troops cannot be counted, their strength may be in good condition may indicate a hasty movement or estimated by: noting the length of time it takes various withdrawal. Burned or destroyed materials indicate a types of moving columns to pass given point, the area deliberate, orderly withdrawal or movement. Letters, required of a unit in camp or bivouac, or the front on insignia, and other articles may reveal the identity of which they are deployed. When the ground is dry, the enemy unit. infantry on the march raise a low, thick cloud of dust, and motor vehicles or mechanized units raise a In the case of a moving enemy, the distance between thick, rapidly moving cloud. Additionally, through periodic halts indicates the rate of march if enemy practice, a scout may gain information as to the habits relative to marches and halts are known. Con- strength and composition of enemy forces by listening dition of the halt areas indicates the state of morale, to noises and observing lights, fires, and smoke. A training, and discipline. scout gains valuable experience in estimating enemy strengths by observing friendly forces in camp, on the The physical condition of enemy dead and wounded march, and deployed. The knowledge scouts gain and their personal equipment and weapons are during field exercises of the appearance and tactical reported. The general condition and state of main- dispositions of squads, platoons, companies, and tenance of destroyed or abandoned vehicles should larger units will be of great assistance in estimating the also be reported. strength and composition of enemy units observed under various conditions. Tracks Atrack is a mark left on the ground by the passage of a 3002. INTERPRETING SIGNS AND person or object. Examination of tracks reveals infor- mation about the enemy. TRACKS Troops In addition to estimates made through direct ob- A few tracks overlapping each other on both sides of a servation, a scout may often be able to estimate size, road or trail may indicate a patrol in staggered composition, direction, rate of movement, condition, formation. A large number of tracks indicates troops in discipline, state of training, and morale of enemy column formation. A large column will wear a dry forces through signs and tracks left behind. road smooth and flat. In damp terrain, a freshly made track will have sharp edges; ordinarily, signs of Signs moisture will disappear in about 15 minutes. A run- ner's toes are dug into the ground; a walker's footprint The examination of vacated enemy positions provides is fairly even. valuable information. The size of a bivouac or defense area ordinarily indicates the number of enemy Vehicles occupants. Clothing, ration containers, dumps, etc., further indicate the quantity of the departed enemy The type of track indicates whether the vehicle is force. The condition of the bivouac area and amountof wheeled or tracked. A scout acquires the necessary experience to make the proper determination by material abandoned give an indication of the enemy morale, training, and discipline. A well-policed area observing vehicle tracks during training. --- PAGE 20 --- 3-2 MCWP 3-11.3 The direction of travel can be determined by the way moving vehicle, and it leaves a deeper impression on tracks pass across ruts, by impressions on the edges of the exit edges of holes. The faster the travel, the holes in the ground, how water is splashed from deeper the impression. puddles, or by the way grass, twigs, and branches are bent; for example— • A vehicle (wheeled or tracked) entering a rut pushes 3003. KNOWING THE ENEMY dirt into the rut and leaves an indentation on the exit side of the rut. • A wheel going over holes in the ground leaves a A scout should learn as much as possible about enemy deeper impression on the edge toward the direction psychology, habits, organization, and tactics. The of travel. more knowledge gained about the enemy, particularly • The side of a puddle with the greater splash the enemy's normal security measures, the better the indicates the direction of travel of the vehicle. scout's chances are to observe and obtain accurate • When traveling cross-country, the direction in information with minimum risk to the mission's which grass is bent and/or twigs, branches, and success. Scouts gain much of this knowledge through bushes are broken indicates direction of travel. experience, but they also gain a great deal of their A general rate of speed can be estimated by the preliminary information, particularly that pertaining to amount of water or mud splattered. A fast-moving enemy organization and tactics, during training and vehicle will throw larger amounts of water or mud a may be updated by unit commanders and intelligence greater distance to the front and sides than a slow- officers. --- PAGE 21 --- CHAPTER 4. DAYLIGHT SCOUTING A scout must be able to operate in all types of terrain and under all conditions of visibility. He must be thoroughly familiar with the principles for using cover and concealment, camouflage, individual movement, and route selection, both to and from the objective. 4001. COVER AND CONCEALMENT Cover is protection from the fire of hostile weapons. Concealment is protection from observation or surveillance from hostile air and ground observation, but not from hostile fire. Both cover and concealment are divided into two main categories: natural and artificial. Natural cover includes small hills, ditches, rocks or vegetation. Fighting holes, bunkers, and brick walls are examples of artificial cover. Some features, such as buildings, provide both cover and conceal- FROM A DITCH OBSERVE ment. In deciding whether to seek cover or conceal- OVER BROKEN EDGE ment, a scout must make the best choice to complete WITH BACKGROUND the mission (see fig. 4-1). OBSEBURSVH EINT PHRORNUE — POSITION Concealment Principles Concealmentprinciples are as follows: • Remain motionless while observing. Anything in motion attracts the eye. • Use all available concealment. • Observe from the proneposition (it offers a low sil- houette and makes detection by the enemy difficult. • Expose nothing thatreflects light. • Blend with the background because contrasting colors are noticeable. • Remain in the shade because moving shadows attract attention. Figure 4-1. Correct Use of Cover. • Distort or change the regular outline of objects. Most military objects have distinctive shapes that necessary, around the sideof or, if possible, through make obvious shadows and silhouettes. • Avoid the skyline. Figures on the skyline can be an object. seen from great distances and are easily identified • Looking or firing over an object can make the scout an easily visible target for the enemy. If the scout by their outlines. must fire over the top of concealment or cover,the outline of the head or helmet should be broken or Concealment Techniques distorted. • Upon the approach of an airplane, the scout takes a Concealment techniques are as follows: prone position, turns face-down, and remains mo- tionless. If surprised by an airplane, the scout re- • When observing, the scout looks around an object's mains in place and does not look up. side (unless it is transparent) and prepares to fire, if --- PAGE 22 --- 4-2 MCWP 3-11.3 • The scout covers exposed body parts such as the A small, thin bush in the shadow of a large bush makes face, back of the neck, and hands with grease paint, a good observation point. Lone trees, rocks, fence cor- mud or other materials to reduce sun reflection. ners, and outstanding landmarks are easily picked up • Camouflage for equipment can be improvised from by the enemy as obvious observation posts. garnishing or sandbags to prevent sun reflection. If camouflage clothing is not available, other available • In snowy terrain, white overgarments are worn. clothing can be attached in irregular splotches of • The helmet cover outline should be distorted. appropriate colors. Exposed skin reflects light and attracts the enemy's at- tention. Even very dark skin will reflect light because 4002. CAMOUFLAGE of its natural oil. The buddy system is recom-mended when applying camouflage. Standard Marine Corps issue camouflage face paint sticks are two toned: Camouflage is the use of concealment and disguise to minimize the possibility of detection anchor identifica- • Loam and light green for light-skinned troops, in all tion of troops, material, equipment, and installations. but snow regions. The purpose of camouflage is to provide concealment • Sand and light green for dark-skinned troops. of military objects from enemy observation. Camou- flage is also used to conceal an object by making it • Loam and white for troops in snow-covered terrain. look like something else. A scout's mission usually re- quires individual and equipment camouflage. If natu- Shiny areas (forehead, cheekbones, nose, and chin) are ral camouflage is not adequate, the position is cam- painted with a dark color. Shadow areas (around the ouflaged. In using camouflage, remember that objects eyes, under the nose, and under the chin) are painted are identified by their form (outline), shadow, texture, and color. The principal purpose of camouflage in the field is to prevent direct observation and recognition. Individual Camouflage Successful individual camouflage involves the ability to recognize and take advantage of all forms of natural and artificial concealment available (vegetation, soil, debris, etc.) and knowledge of the proper use of artifi- cial camouflage materials. Aids to Individual Camouflage A scout must recognize the terrain's dominant color and pattern and must change the appearance of clothing and equipment accordingly in order to blend and not contrast with the terrain (see fig. 4-2). The helmet is camouflaged by breaking up its shape, smooth surface, and shadow. Use of a helmet cover works best. In the absence of a helmetcover, mud can be irregularly blotched on the helmet to disguise its form and dull the surface. A helmet cover may be improvised from irregularly colored cloth or burlap to blend with the background. Foliage can be draped to prevent the visor of the helmet from casting a dark shadow across the face. Foliage should not stick up like plumes because any head movement will give away the position. Figure 4-2. Avoid Contrasting Backgrounds. --- PAGE 23 --- Scouting and Patrolling 4-3 with a light color. Skin that is exposed on the back of tape to break the regular outline. Mud or dirt dulls the the neck and hands is painted with a two-color com- reflecting surface of the stock, barrel, and bayonet bination in an irregular pattern (see fig. 4-3). where coloring has been worn. Lamp black may also be used on metal parts. The function of the weapon When standard issue face paint sticks are not avail- must not impaired. able, burnt cork, charcoal or lamp black can be used to tone down exposed areas of skin. If time, material, and surroundings permit, a ghillie suit should be constructed. (Refer to MCWP 3-15.3, Mud is used only in an emergency because it changes Scout Sniping.) color as it dries and may peel off, leaving the skin exposed. Since mud may contain harmful bacteria, Aids to Camouflage a Position mud should be washed off as soon as possible. To successfully camouflage a position, the scout must Any equipment that reflects light should be covered remember to— with a nonreflective material that aids in the con- cealment of the weapon (for example, black electrical • Camouflage the position as soon as it is occupied. tape or mud). The straight line of the rifle or other • Avoid using too much material for camouflage. infantry weapons may be very conspicuous to an Even though natural materials are used, too much enemy observer. The barrel and hand guard should be may make the object and its shadow stand out from wrapped with strips of contrasting colored cloth or its surroundings, thus attracting the attention of a hostile observer. • Inspect completed camouflage work from the ene- my's point of view to check effectiveness. Continuous Camouflage Camouflage around and on the scout's position must be maintained in a fresh condition as wilted and dead foliage can give the position away. If the mission dictates that the position should be occupied for longer SPLOTCHING periods, wilted foliage should be replaced during periods of reduced visibility. 4003. INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT Principles STRIPING The principles of individual movement are as follows: • Scouts move from one concealed position to an- other. When not changing positions, they remain motionless. • The scout's head is lifted slowly but steadily, with- out abrupt movements, to search for a new position. • Scouts select the next stopping place before moving and ensures it is not contained by the enemy. SPLOTCHING & STRIPING • Scouts change position on the run: springs up, runs with the body bent low, zigzags, quicklydrops to the ground slightly to the right or left ofthe objec- Figure 4-3. Face Camouflage. tive, then rolls or crawls to the desired position. --- PAGE 24 --- 4-4 MCWP 3-11.3 (Remember the phrase, "I'm up—he sees me—I'm the forearm and let the butt of the rifle drag on the down.") ground. Keep the muzzle off the ground. Rushing To start forward, push arms forward and pull right leg forward. To move forward, pull with arms and push When starting from the prone position— with right leg. Change the pushing leg frequently to avoid fatigue. • Raise the head slowly and steadily and select a new position. High Crawl • Lower the head slowly, draw arms inward, cock right leg forward, and prepare to rush. The high crawl is used when— • Use one movement to raise the body by straighten- ing both arms. • Cover and/or concealment are available. I Spring to your feet, stepping off with the left foot. • Poor visibility reduces enemy observation Bend forward as low as possible when running. • Greater speed of movement is required. Never advance directly to the next position; always zigzag. To perform the high crawl, keep body off the ground. Rest weight on forearms and lower legs. Cradle rifle in When hitting the deck— arms, keeping the muzzle off the ground. Keep knees well behind the buttocks to stay low. • Stop. I Plant both feet in place. Move forward, alternately advancing right forearm and left knee; then left forearm and right knee. • Drop quickly to the knees and slide the hand to the heel of the rifle. • Fall forward, breaking your fall with the butt of the Movement Aids rifle. (To confuse the enemy, roll over after hitting the deck and roll into firing position with feet, Aids to movement include— knees, and stomach flat on the ground.) • Keep head down if you do not intend to fire. • Carrying only necessities. Additional weight causes premature fatigue and impedes free movement. When rolling over— • Not disturbing birds or animals whose flight would betray your presence. If birds or animals are alerted, • Hit the deck and assume the prone position. remain motionless under cover for a few minutes, as the enemy's attention may also be attracted. • Bring the rifle in close to the body, placing the rifle butt in the crotch. • Moving during an incident that diverts attention, such as an airplane flight, a distant disturbance or • Roll over swiftly to confuse any enemy observers as to final intended location. Never reappear at the sudden bursts of fire. same place you went down. • Fog, smoke, or even light haze offer concealment for movement; however, the enemy may have thermoimagery and night vision devices. Therefore, Low Crawl darkness and smoke cannot be used as easily. The low crawl is used when— • Following a stream or road by staying as far away from them as possible while still keeping them in • Cover and concealment are scarce. sight. Keep close to the dune line when moving • The enemy has good observation over the area in along a beach. which the scout is moving. • When moving through tall grass or similar growth, • Speed is not essential. move when the wind blows, changing direction frequently. A straight route will be more readily To perform the low crawl, keep the body as flat as noticed. possible against the ground. Grasp the rifle sling at the • Whenever possible, avoid areas of soft ground so as upper sling swivel. Let the balance of the rifle rest on not to leave tracks. --- PAGE 25 --- Scouting and Patrolling 4-5 • When crossing a road or water obstacle, choose crossing sites where the enemy's observation is re- stricted (an area in shadows or near a bend) and ROUTE cross rapidly. 4004. ROUTE SELECTION Prior to Movement A scout and the immediate commander conduct a map reconnaissance before starting on a mission. This assists them in selecting the route according to avail- able cover and concealment and any indicated enemy activity. Prior to and during the course of the mission, move to an observation point to visually reconnoiter the terrain for movement and select the tentative route. It may be necessary to make wide detours around open spaces or those containing enemy patrols or other enemy activity. Carefully study the country to be traversed and pay close attention to the general features, streams, ridges to be crossed, and their relation to the general direction to be taken (see fig. 4-4). Make notes of terrain features and landmarks along the proposed route and rely on notes for guidance (see fig. 4-5 on page 4-6). Additionally, determine the Figure 4-4. Choosing a Concealed Route compass direction and readings for each change of of Advance from a Map. direction at the start. Finally, learn the location of unit boundaries and observation/listening posts as well as observed by the enemy. When required to reconnoiter general location of other friendly or scouting parties. danger areas, choose a covered approach and return, Be sure to avoid man-made and natural obstacles as and make entry or passage as quietly and quickly as they will slow progress and overall success of the possible. If part of a larger effort, the approach and mission. If possible, use the local populous as a source return should be covered by observation and fires of of intelligence. When returning to friendly lines, avoid the other members of the scouting party or patrol. using the same route. Stream Crossings En Route When the crossing does not appear to be held by the En route, the actual advance will be a series of move- enemy, advance upon it rapidly. If there are two or ments from one observation point to the next. The more scouts, one crosses while the other(s) provide protection. Note the length, width, depth, and ap- distance and route will depend on cover and terrain. proaches to a crossing. Observe the condition of the Assess the cover, terrain, and any enemy or civilian activity to determine whether or not to modify the road or trail that crosses the stream, and report on the suitability of the crossing for use by tracked and approach or return routes. Unless the mission requires it, avoid danger areas (for example, houses, villages, wheeled vehicles. If the crossing is under observation by enemy, seek another crossing site or dash across to potential assembly or bivouac areas, roads, and streams) that may give away yourposition by being avoid detection. --- PAGE 26 --- 4-6 MCWP 3-11.3 BN CP S SLOPE OF GATES HILL RUINS OF ELKINS 3 HOUSES MILLS ON HILL HOUSE wrr 2 CHIMNEYS TAKE LEFT FORK LONE PINE 2 HOUSES CROSS OPEN FIELD START Figure 4-5. Proposed Route Sketch. --- PAGE 27 --- CHAPTER 5. NIGHT SCOUTING Night scouting presents many of the same problems encountered in day operations-such as cover, concealment, movement, and camouflage-as well as additional considerations. Knowledge of human eye construction and operation / will enable maximum advantage under night conditions or poor visibility. conditions. Rod vision distinguishes black, white, 5001. NIGHT VISION shades of gray, and general outlines. Principles Certain parts of the eye correspond to parts of a simple camera (see fig. 5-1). The lens focuses light entering To effectively "see" at night, the principles of night vi- the eye similar to a camera lens. The iris (colored part sion dark adaptation, off-center vision, and scanning of eye) corresponds to the diaphragm of a camera, are applied. opening and closing to regulate the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil. The retina cor- DarkAdaptation responds to camera film. Light rays strike the retina, form an image, and cause an impression to be trans- Allowing the eyes to become accustomed to low levels mitted to the brain through the optic nerve. In a of illumination is called dark adaptation. It takes the camera, the image is formed and fixed on film. rod cells about 30 minutes to produce enough visual purple to activate them and enable the eye to RODREGION distinguish objects in dim light. This may also be - -. (NIGHT VISION) accomplished by staying in a red-lighted area, or by wearing red goggles for 20 minutes, followed by 10 minutes in darkness (which allows the pupils to open '. PUPIL wide). This method saves valuable time by allowing RETINA.c j I CONE REGION Marines to be in a lighted area to receive orders, check IRIS (CAMERA ,1 (DAY VISION) equipment, or perform some other function before moving into darkness. IAPHRAGM) '--RDREGION Off-Center Vision LENS The technique of focusing on an object without looking directly at it is called off-center vision. When looking directly at an object, the image is formed on the cone region, which is not sensitive at night (see fig. 5-2 on page 5-2). When looking slightly to the left, right, above or below an object, the image is formed on the area of the retinacontaining rod cells, which are sensitive in darkness. The most sensitive area varies in individuals, but is usually found by looking 6 to 10 degrees away from an object; in effect, out of the corner of the eye (see fig. 5-3 on page 5-2). Figure 5-1. The Eye is Like a Camera. Scanning The retina is composed of cone cells and rod cells, so- called because of their shapes. Cone cells distinguish Off-center vision used to observe an area or an object color, shape, and sharp contrast. Because they are is called scanning. When using rod vision, the visual activated by light conditions, they are blind during purple in the rod cells bleaches or blacks out in 4 to 10 periods of low illumination. Rod cells produce a seconds and the object observed disappears. As the chemical substance called visual purple that makes visual purple in the rod cells in one area bleaches out, them active in darkness, low illumination or night the eyes must slightly shift to use fresh rod cells. Eyes --- PAGE 28 --- 5-2 MCWP 3-11.3 CONE REGION LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE OBJECT SO THAT THE IMAGE IS FORMED ON THE CONE REGION (YOUR DAY EYES) Figure 5-2. Day Vision. 11:00 _S\ ROD REGION — — — — — 0çSG — — — — — — 12:00 - LINEOP SIGHT - - CENTER OBJECT AT 12 O'CLOCK AND LOOK SLIGHTLY TOWARD 11 O'CLOCK OR I O'CLOCK 1:00 — — — — — — — — — — — — REGION ii.:i LOOK SLIGHTLY AWAY FROM THE OBJECT SO THAT THE IMAGE IS FORMED ON THE ROD REGION (YOUR NIGHT EYES) Figure 5-3. Night Vision. should be moved in short, abrupt, irregular movements vision retained by the protected eye enables it to see over and around the target (see fig. 5-4). until the other eye adapts to the darkness. Red light helps preserve night vision, but like white light, it can Preserving Night Vision be observed at long distances. Night vision is quickly destroyed if bright light is Factors that decrease night visual acuity include allowed to enter the eye. When entering a lighted area fatigue, lack of oxygen, long exposure to sunlight, or when observing in a temporarily lighted area (il- alcohol, nicotine (within the past 48 hours), and age. lumination, flares), one eye should be closed and When night vision has been attained, straining will not covered to preserve its night vision. When the light improve effectiveness; however, practice identifying goes off, fades or the lighted area is exited, the night objects at night will improve perception. --- PAGE 29 --- Scouting and Patrolling 5-3 sound distortion. Sounds are transmitted a greater 5002. APPEARANCE OF OBJECTS distance in wet weather and at night than in dry weather and in the daytime. By holding the ear close to the ground sounds of people walking and vehicles Darkness not only makes objects difficult to see but moving can be heard. Sound travels approximately also changes their appearance, distorts size, and blots 370 meters a second. When a flash from a fired out details. A tree visible against the night sky appears weapon is observed, the range to the weapons can be smaller than in the daytime because the twigs at the easily estimated by counting the time interval between end of branches cannot be seen. A scout must train to the flash and hearing the report. For example, counting identify objects by block outlines at night and cannot to three (one thousand one, one thousand two, one rely on details visible in daylight. Binoculars enlarge thousand three), indicates the distance is 1,110 meters. objects or parts of objects otherwise too small to be The cadence is determined by actual practice at known seen and help identify objects already spotted. Night ranges. observation devices increase night visibility and should be used whenever possible. 5004. SMELLS AND TOUCH 5003. SOUNDS A scout's sense of smell can warn of enemy fires, cooking, motor parks, gasoline and diesel engines, and Atnight, sounds become vely important. By listening, bodies of water. A scout must feel and recognize a scout gains information about the enemy and by objects in the dark, and adjust and operate equipment exercising care, keeps information from the enemy. A quietly by sense of touch. scout stops frequently to listen. Scouts must listenfor long periods in perfect silence. Hearing is amplified with the mouth open; removing the helmet will reduce 5005. CLOTHING AND WEAPONS All loose clothing must be secured (string or tape can be used) to prevent snagging on barbed wire, brambles, and brush. Helmet covers are worn to muffle sounds made by low branches. The belt buckle should be turned around to theside in order to move in a prone position without scraping the buckle against stones or hard surfaces. Identification tags can be taped together to prevent rattling. Hands, face, and neck can be blackened so skin does not reflect light or appear as white spots in the darkness. (Refer to para. 4002.) Scouts are normally armed with rifles. Rifle slings should be taped to prevent rattling. All weapons parts should be checked for glare elimination measures. 5006. CONCEALMENT Figure 5-4. Scanning Although total darkness provides concealment, scouts must observe the same principles of concealment --- PAGE 30 --- 5-4 MCWP 3-11.3 during moonlight conditions as in the daytime. Scouts yourself an indistinct target in case the person should assume enemy employment of night obser- encountered is an enemy. vation devices and observe the principles of night • Return fire only to avoid capture if fired on when movement such that presence will not be disclosed by close to enemy positions. noise when close to the enemy. 5008. AIDS TO NIGHT MOVEMENT 5007. AIDS TO NIGHT SCOUTING • Aids to night movement include the following: Aids to night scouting include the following: • Move silently. • Advance in stealthy legs. Each leg should follow • Carry out scouting missions close to or within some terrain feature that serves as a guide. When hostile positions on dark or rainy nights. there are no terrain features to serve as guides, • Stifle a threatening sneeze by pressing fmgers up- move in a straight or nearly straight line from one ward against the nostrils. defined point to another, or maintain direction by • Stifle a threatening cough by applying slight pres- using a compass. sure with the finger on the Adam's apple. • Avoid running, except in an emergency. • Stop a ringing sound that interferes with hearing by • Take advantage of sounds that may distract the yawning. enemy. • Speak softly rather than whispering if voice com- • Fall silently without making an outcry. munication is necessary. • Move boldly and rapidly when taking advantage of Walking any sound-such as shelling, rustling wind or distant firing-to push forward if firing is taking place. When walking at night— • Avoid shell craters and depressions in damp weather conditions if the enemy has employed • Place the heel down first. Balance the weight of the chemical munitions. body on the rear foot until a secure spot is found. • Move the eyes constantly; concentrating on one • Lift the forward foot high to clear any stiff grass, object too long will strain them. brush, or other obstruction. • Take notice of the enemy's use of flares. When the • Continue to balance body weight on the rear foot, lower the forward foot gently, toe first, to explore enemy employs flares, few enemy patrols are apt to the ground for objects that might make noise. Step be out; when flares are not employed, the enemy's over fallen logs and branches, not on them. patrols are likely to be numerous. • Lower the heel of the forward foot slowly; grad- • Drop to a prone position upon hearing a flare being ually transferring body weight to that foot. fired and before it illuminates. Remain motionless while it is burning. If open or moving when a flare Creeping bursts in the air, freeze or drop quickly in the split second after the flare illuminates while the enemy is The low crawl and high crawl are not suitable at night blinded. You are an easy target for the enemy if the when very near the enemy because an easily heard flare bursts in the air or on the ground behind you. shuffling noise results. Creeping is the recommended Never look at a flare. If you activate a trip flare, method of movement: drop to the ground and crawl away from the illumi- nated area. • Creep at night on the hands and knees. • Consider all patrols or individuals encountered as • Use your hands to feel for twigs, leaves or other hostile until proven friendly. If encountering substances that might make a noise. Clear a spot to someone, crouch low, silhouetting the approaching place your knee. Keeping your hand at that spot, person against the sky. At the same time, make --- PAGE 31 --- Scouting and Patrolling 5-5 bring your knee forward until it meets your hand. • Move the left leg carefully to the rear, and then Then place your knee on the ground and repeat the move the right leg to the rear. action with the other hand and knee. • Lie flat on the ground, or take up a firing position if necessary. • Lay the rifle on the ground at your side and clear an area for it. Lift the rifle up and move it forward. Movement is slow and tedious, since it must be done silently. Wire Obstacles A mission often requires a scout to pass through and work behind enemy positions. To accomplish this, the scout must be able to quietly pass through enemy wire obstacles and cross trenches. Cutting a gap in wire is time-consuming. If possible, walk over the low bands of enemy wire and crawl under the high bands (see fig. Hitting the Deck at Night (Right-Handed 5-5). Avoid movement along wire barriers, as enemy Shooter) To safetly hit the deck at night from the standing position— • Advance your left leg, place the butt of the rifle in your right armpit with the hand remaining on the pistol grip, and grasp it with the right hand at the balance. • Quietly drop down on the right knee and left hand. Figure 5-5. Crossing Wire Silently at Night. --- PAGE 32 --- 5-6 MCWP 3-11.3 covering fires are generally planned parallel to them to Wrap a sandbag around the wire cutters and wire to take advantage of canalization and enfilade fire. deaden the sound. To step over low wire at night, crouch low to view the Do not cut a complete gap in the wire; cut only the strands against the sky. Grasp the top strand with one bottom wire(s). Leave the top wire(s) intact to lessen hand; with the other hand, reach forward and feel for a the chance of discovery by the enemy. clear spot for foot placement without stepping on other strands or any object apt to make a noise. Raise the Crossing Trenches body up, still grasping the top strand of wire. To avoid catching the foot in another strand, lift the foot up and Before approaching a trench, wait outside the trench over, passing it close to the hand grasping the wire. for awhile and listen. Do not enter or cross a trench near its junction with a communication trench. Crawl If a high wire obstacle is encountered at night and wire silently up to the edge of the trench and look into it. cutters are not available, pass under the wire with your Remove all loose dirt and rocks from the edge. If it is a back on the ground. Grasp the lowest strands in your narrow trench, spring up and jump across, sinking hands and hold them clear of the body while you slide quietly to the ground on the other side and remaining under them. there a moment to listen before proceeding. If the trench is wide, climb silently and slowly down into it When cutting wire and working solo, cut a wire near a and out the other side, using the revetment for support post (see fig. 5-6), then dispose of all but one loose (see fig. 5-7). Do not enter enemy trenches unless it is end. Grasp the wire close to a post and cut between absolutely necessary in order to accomplish the your hand and the post, muffling the sound and mission. Ordinarily; work is better accomplished from keeping the loose wire in your grasp. When cutting outside the trench. Sentries usually pay more attention wire in tandem, one firmly holds the wire with the to sounds in front of them; therefore, if it is necessary hands positioned close to the cutters, in order to muffle to enter a trench, cross it first at the place where enemy the sound and prevent the loose ends from flying back, observation is restricted, then approach from the rear. while the other one cuts. In both instances, the loose ends of the wire are bent back to form a passage. 5009. LOCATING AND PLOTTING THE ENEMY AT NIGHT WHEN TWO SCOUTS CUT WIRE TOGETHER, ONE HOLDS WIRE FIRMLY, CLOSE TO CUTTERS, IN ORDER TO M SOUND AND KEEP LOOSE Fornight work, a scout must understand the use of a WIRE FROM SNAPPING BACK WHILE THE lensatic compass. (Refer to para. 2002.) Using the OTHER SCOUT lensatic compass, the scout can guide the platoon into CUTS. position, locate adjoining elements of the command, keep direction when on patrol, determine the location of gaps in the enemy wire and the position of enemy out guards. Locating Gaps in Enemy Wire IN CUTTING WIRE ALONE, A SCOUT GRASPS WIRE CLOSE TO A STAKE When searching for gaps in enemy wire, at least two AND HIS HAND, THUS MUFFLING lensatic compasses are needed: one to register the gap SOUND AND KEEPING LOOSE WIRE IN HIS in the wire and the other for navigation. When a gap in GRASP TO PREVENT enemy wire is located, lie outside the gap, keeping a ITS SNAPPING distance of 10 meters from the barbed wire. Sight with the lensatic compass on a prominent point on the skyline in line with the gap. In selecting the prominent point in the skyline, pick one that appears on the map (i.e., hill mass, house, road junction). If the only Figure 5-6. Cutting Wire Silently at Night. prominent point available is one not identifiable on a map (i.e., a tree, destroyed vehicle, enemy position), --- PAGE 33 --- Scouting and Patrolling 5-7 -- CRAWL SILENTLY UP LIE OUTSIDE OF GAP IN ENEMY'S WIRE AND TO TRENCH AND LOOK SIGHT WITH COMPASS ON A PROMINENT IN. REMOVE ALL LOOSE POINT ON THE SKYLINE BEHIND OWN LINES. DIRT AND ROCKS FROM ROTATE THE LUMINOUS INDEX TO A POINT EDGE IF IT - - OVER THE NORTH END OF THE rc: THE AZIMUTH. •RECORD c SPRING UP-LEAP ACROSS THE 44 TRENCH LANDING ON ONE FOOT WITH - THE OTHER FOOT (HELD BEHINDTO CATCH YOURSELF q IN CASE YOU MISS I THE EDGE OF THE JWlil'IlJIt9!r....... ' TRENCH IN JUMPING. IiI''IiIfluihf —• '..W •1i.1 &:'CI-IU!'I1.It.h.JM I LJI IWtI IJL! —IiIIIA—M-- '.—. '' riiwq - __..- . WIDE TRENCH ' O DR N O T P H E N O O I T S H E E L R ES S S ID LY E, — C DO LI W M N B O S N IL E E N SI T D L E Y Figure 5-8. Locating a Gap in Enemy TO THE GROUND. LIE AND UP THE OTHER Wire at Night. . MOTIONLESS AND . MAKING USE OF LISTEN BEFORE REVETMENT FOR PROCEEDING. — SUPPORT. - Note the time and nature of each sound, the estimated distance, and which compass was used to fix the loca- tion. Plot this data on a map then wait until the debrief Figure 5-7. Crossing Trenches Silently at Night. to turn in the notes and compasses. See figure 5-9. use it. The exact location of this point can be fixed the next day by visual reconnaissance of the area from an ADVANCE ON A KNOWNAZIMUTH, observation point. When the needle rests— ARRIVING AT A KNOWN POINT OUT. SIDE THE ENEMY'S POSITION. LIE HERE UNTIL SOUNDS INDICATE • Clamp it in place by lowering the eyepiece to the POSITION OF ONE OF THE ENEMY — OUTGUARDS. closed position. • Rotate the movable bezel ring until the luminous line is directly over the north end of the needle. The azimuth of the gap from the prominent point is now registered. The compass is carried back without further adjust- ment. The azimuth setting can be recorded later on a map (see fig. 5-8). Locating Enemy Out Guards At night, locate enemy guards by their sounds and failure to maintain light discipline. As sounds of the enemy are heard, and/or observations of the enemy made, shoot an azimuth with one compass. When the needle comes to rest, clamp the compass by lowering Figure 5-9. Locating Enemy Outguards at Night. the eyepiece to the closed position. --- PAGE 34 --- 5-8 MCWP 3-11.3 Unless the moon is bright, avoid, if possible, passing 50010. ROUTES OF MOVEMENT through woods, ditches, ravines, and brush, because noises of movement may lead to discovery. If the enemy is known to have night observation device Priorto beginning a night missions, a scout studies the capability, avoiding these kinds of terrain may not be ground in detail from an observation point, air photos, and a map during daylight. The route of advance possible. To avoid enemy ambushes, return by a dif- should be below the skyline. Avoid becoming a ferent route from the advance and change routes on silhouette (see fig. 5-10). successive nights. DAY NIGHT SCOUT COMES SCOUT AVOIDS OVER THE HILL WOODS ON UNDER COVER ACCOUNT OF OF WOODS NOISE AND COMES OVER HILL IN LOW WORKS ON IN PLACE. BRUSH HEDGE AVOIDS HEDGE AND COMES DOWN LOW MOVES BEHIND OPEN DRAW SCRUB ALONG FENCE CONT1NUES DOWN DRAW AVOIDING BUSHES. ENTERS BUSHES AVOIDS BUSHES. CONTINUES IN AVOIDING STREAM, COVER AFFORDED BANKS, AND BY BANK AND BUSHES GOES BUSHES ALONG ON IN LOW STREAM GROUND WHERE STREAM FLOWS. When moving at night without a compass, use the stars and objects that appear sIlhouetted against the sky as your guide. Figure 5-10. Difference Between Correct Routes by Day or Night. --- PAGE 35 --- CHAPTER 6. OBSERVING AND REPORTING When sent out on a mission, a scout's duties are to observe and report. the first five chapters covered scout protection measures and movement in enemy ter- ritory. This chapter discusses performing the assigned mission and reporting the mission after its completion. 50 meters or less deep, going from right to left parallel 6001. OBSERVATION POSTS to your front; then search from left to right a second and similar strip farther away but overlapping the first. Continue to observe until the entire field of view has Positions been searched (see fig. 6-2 on page 6-2). The following guidelines apply to observation posts. At night, use a night observation device. If one is not See figure 6-1. available, search the horizon with short, jerky movements, and short pauses. Look a little to one side • When selecting observation posts, scouts should of an object and then to the other. Lower the head chose the least prominent position. close to the ground to view the object more clearly. • Scouts may occupy one or more observation posts. Use low-powered field glasses to increase sight range. • An observation post should not be manned for more than 24 hours. • A selected observation post should be observed for OBSERVEDESIRED POSITION FROM A PLACE OF CONCEALMENT FOR SIGNS OF HOSTILE OCCUPATION. APPROACH SELECTED 10 to 15 minutes to ensure it is not occupied. POSITION BY A CONCEALED ROUTE. • Scouts move to the chosen observation post by a concealed route. • If the post is located on a hill, crawl to a position where the skyline is broken. • If a tree is used, the position should have a back- ground so as not to be silhouetted against the sky while climbing or observing. • When leaving the observation post, a different route from that of the approach should be used. • If a radio is used, its antenna should be located to provide clear communication to the controlling commander but masked from enemy observation and direction-finding equipment. Upon departure, scouts should remove the antennae from the obser- vation post so as not to give away the position. Observing Using all senses available, be particularly alert for movement, objects, sounds, and smells inappropriate to the surroundings. While observing, avoid all un- necessary movement. Ifobserving from a building, keep back from doors and windows. Figure 6-1. Method of Approaching In daylight, look first at the ground nearest you. Begin an Observation Post. observing close to your post and search a narrow strip --- PAGE 36 --- 6-2 MCWP 3-11.3 g rj c0 r L I DTG (COMM. USE) FM: Z 0 R 200 . METER ZONE TO, -/ -.-. BT TOPSEC SECRET CONF -.---.-- /. RAi N CO 100 METER ?. Movi' 5J; J.... -i 3. 762.3 Vjg 5i 4L. ik 50 METER ZONE S. o?gc 8p3p3 I 4 6. 4' Bz Me'*r,(cid:17) i'fz,q'y '7. Mg : 375qQ s. , TORITOD iL RESRIGNATUREJ Figure 6-3. Sample Field Message. The message body is brief, accurate, and clear; facts and opinions are distinguished. If secondhand infor- Figure 6-2. Method of Searching Ground. mation is reported, its source is included. Reports in- clude all information of value, first about the enemy, and then about the originator. Information about the enemy should cover— 6002. REPORTING • Size andlor strength. • Actions or activity. It is imperative that the scout accurately and • Location and direction of movement. completely report who, where, when, and what was • Unit identification. (The designation of the enemy observed to the proper authority upon mission unit may be derived from unit markings, uniforms completion. In most cases, a scout will not be equip- worn or through prisoner interrogation.) ped with a radio. • Time of observation. • Equipment and weapons. Verbal Reports Messages are printed in block letters. Individual items Verbal reports should be made when writing is of information are numbered and separated into impractical, when the information is not complicated paragraphs. If doubt exists as to message receipt by the or when the enemy is likely to intercept a messenger commander, a summary of its contents is included in carrying a written message. the next message. Information about the originator or writer should cover— Written Messages • Location at the time of enemy observation (refer- Written messages, preferred to verbal reports, are ence to an important terrain feature, by map coor- recorded in message book blanks issued for that dinates, by the back azimuth from each of two purpose (see fig. 6-3) and delivered to a higher definitely located points, or the back azimuth and authority as soon as possible. The NATO spot report distance from one known point). (SPOTREP) should be reviewed as the written mes- • Intentions. (Remain in position? Continue on the sage is a NATO format. mission? Take other action?) --- PAGE 37 --- Scouting and Patrolling 6-3 The message is carefully reread and if possible read by TREE CLUMP ON SMOKE HILL another person to ensure understandability. If a 071405 JULY 1999 messenger is used, the messenger must read and understand the message in order to answer any WHITE HOUSE WITH SMALL questions the commander might have. RED BARN ON HILL 406 OUTBUILDINGS Sketch Information difficult to describe may be given accurately on a simple sketch. The sketch may give all the necessary information or it may be used to supplement a written message. A military sketch is generally one of two types: simple or panoramic. The simple sketch is easily made and read. Figure 6-4 shows a simple sketch that has been included in the message itself. The sketch may be on a separate sheet of paper, but all of the necessary information must be contained in either the sketch, the message or both. The panoramic sketch is a picture of the terrain's elevation in perspective, as seen from one point of observation. Although a panoramic sketch is not difficult to create, skill and training are necessary to enhance usefulness. Figure 6-5 on page 6-4 illustrates how to make a panoramic sketch. Overlay The same information sent back to higher head- quarters on the sketch may be sent on an overlay, if the sender and the person to whom the message is to be sent have copies of the same map. Figure 6-6 on page 6-6 illustrates a simple overlay. The overlay is drawn on transparent paper as follows: SAME FOR REFERENCE POINT SHOWN ON MAP • Orient the map and place it on a hard, flat surface. • Place the transparent paper over the part of the map Figure 6-4. Making a Simple Sketch. of the object or information to be transmitted and hold the paper in this position. • Orient the overlay to the map by tracing in the Explanatory notes are annotated in the overlay's margin, arrows point to the objectives. intersecting grid lines at two opposite corners of the overlay. Write the correct number designation on • Indicate with an "X"and an appropriate explanation the overlay. The cross made by the intersection is the position from which the observer saw the object called a tick mark and enables the receiver to locate or obtained information. the exact area on the map covered by the overlay. • Include title and scale of the map from which the • Sketch the object seen or the information to be overlay was made, date and hour the information transmitted on the tracing paper (the sheet on top of was obtained, and signature of the observer on the the map) in the exact location it would appear on overlay in the lower right-hand corner. the map (the sheet underneath the tracing paper). --- PAGE 38 --- 6-4 MCWP 3-11.3 DRAW THE HORIZONTAL LINES OF A LANDSCAPE. PUT IN THE PROMINENT POINTS. TRENCHES IN WHEAT FIELD RED TANKAND BARN AZIMUTH 22° PUT NOTES ABOVE SKETCH. PUT AZIMUTh FROM POSITiON TO MOST PROMINENT POINT IN ThE SKETCH. TRENCHES IN WHEAT FIELD RED TANK AND BARN AZIMUTh 22° GIVE SKETCH A TrrLE. SHOW WHERE IT WAS MADE, THE DATE AND TIME, AND SIGN IT. Figure 6-5. Panoramic Sketch. --- PAGE 39 --- Scouting and Patrolling I ENEMY PLATOON CONSTRUCTING TRENCH AND BARBED WIRE MY POSON WHEN MAKING OVERLAY XkV 6 ENEMY TRUCKS WENT * SOLIDLY BUILT NORTH AND 2 WENT SOUTH CEMENT BRIDGE BETWEEN 0700 AND 0800 I I BELIEVE A MACHINEGUN IS LOCATED HERE FORK BETWEEN BRIDGE AND STREAM, WATER 182 FEET DEEP, GRAVEL BOTTOM SLOPING BANKS NOT TO SCALE MAP EMMITSBURG SHEET 08005 OCTOBER 1999 c2. 41Z Figure 6-6. Simple' Overlay. --- PAGE 41 --- CHAPTER 7. SCOUTING FIRE TEAMS Upon completion of individual training, a Marine adapts this training to the functioning of the unit. The basic tactical unit for scouting is the fire team. Within the fire team, scouts normally work in pairs to furnish security and gather information. Information gathered by the individual scouts is passed to the fire team leader. The distance between the scouting fire team and the 7001. POSITIONING platoon is terrain-dependent. The scouting fire team should not be beyond visibility of the platoon. In open terrain, the platoon commander usually directs the When a rifle platoon in the approach march is not scouting fire team to move by bounds along a preceded by adjacent units (left, right, front, and rear), succession of locations designated by the platoon it employs its own scouting elements. The scouting commander as intermediate objectives. element for a platoon is usually one fire team; how- ever, an entire squad may be used. Individual scouts should advance as stealthily as possible, while remaining consistent with their mis- A fire team used as a scouting element is called a sion of reconnaissance to the front, taking advantage scouting fire team and is controlled by the platoon of cover without delaying the advance. An occasional commander, assisted by the squad leader. A squad glimpse of scouts constantly advancing over a wide leader whose squad is providing the scouting fire front can make the enemy uneasy. It is this activity, teams normally marches near the platoon commander and not the target the scouts offer, that may cause the to assist in the control of the scouting fire teams. enemy to open fire and disclose its location. A scouting fire team moves aggressively to cover the When fired upon, scouts must drop to cover and return front of the advancing platoon and to locate the fire only when necessary to complete the mission. If enemy's position(s). It generally moves in a wedge or skirmisher's formation. Normally, a scouting fire team SCOUTS is deployed on a frontage of 50 to 75 meters (10 to 17 meters between each individual scout). The entire squad may be employed to cover a wider frontage. The platoon commander coordinates the movement of the scouting fire team(s) so as to protect the main body of the platoon from enemy fire from points within 400 to 600 meters away, or in close terrain from points within the limits of enemy observation. Scouting fire team(s) should have enough firepower to overcome resistance from small enemy advanced posts and patrols; the intent is to make enemy riflemen and machine gunners open fire and disclose their positions. Without scouts in advance, the platoon may move into areas where enemy fire may prevent further advance or maneuver and inflict heavycasualties (see fig. 7-1). Scouting fire teams are covered by the platoon or, when the platoon is masked, the fire team leader ensures individual scouts are maneuvered and coor- dinated so that the fire team covers its own advance. The fire team leader constantly watches for signals Figure 7-1. Position of Scouts Preceding from the platoon commander and remains in visual an Attacking Platoon. contact at all times. --- PAGE 42 --- 7-2 MCWP 3-11.3 necessary, one scout reports back to the fire team PICK OUT POSSIBLE POSITIONS THAT HAVE A GOOD leader who informs the platoon commander. FIELD OF FIRE, INDICATED BY + 4 BELOW. 7002. LOCATING ENEMY POSITIONS The key terrain of defensive positions are those points that afford extended observation over the ground where the attack must advance. The enemy will place machine guns and infantry to defend critical points. POSITIONS WHICH AFFORD THE ENEMY COVER ARE Members of a scouting fire team preceding an attack- POSSIBLE MACHINEGUN POSITIONS. ing platoon identify the probable enemy infantry and machine gun positions (see fig. 7-2). They use con- cealment and cover to conduct their advance in order to discover the exact location of enemy positions. 7003. ACTION WITH AN ATTACKING PLATOON POSITIONS FROM WHICH FLANKING FIRE CAN BE The scouting fire team reconnoiters to the front of the DELIVERED ARE CONSIDERED THE MOST DANGEROUS. advancing platoon. As soon as the scouting fire team leader indicates the area is secure, the platoon advances and the scouting fire team moves forward. Squads within the platoon advance by bounds; at least one squad is positioned to support the other(s) by fire. Successive positions along the line of advance are selected and designated by the platoon commander as intermediate objectives, and reconnoitered by the scouting fire team before occupation. By conducting proper reconnaissance, surprise by the enemy or movement in the wrong direction may be prevented. Figure 7-2. Assessing Probable Enemy Machine Gun Positions. Movement order to be prepared to go into action immediately and The distance between the scouting fire team and the to cover a wide frontage of 50 to75 meters. front of the main body of the platoon is dependent on the mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and As a scouting fire team advances in open terrain, it is support available, and time available (METT-T). In supported when possible by elements of the platoon; close terrain, such as dense woods, the scouting fire in close terrain, by mutual support within each fire team's movements closely resemble those used for team. Mutual support within the fire team is ac- night operations. In approaching houses, woods, and complished by the fire team leader and the automatic villages, one scout of each pair covers the other while rifleman forming a team that supports by fire the the latter reconnoiters (see fig. 7-3). advance of the rifleman and assistant automatic rifleman until they reach a location designated by the A scouting fire team moves forward aggressively to fire team leader. The rifleman and assistant automatic cover the front of the advancing platoon, usually rifleman then support by fire the movement of the adopting either skirmisher's or wedge formation in team leader and automatic rifleman. These successive --- PAGE 43 --- Scouting and Patrolling 7-3 points to which the sub elements of the fire team move close terrain or conditions of limited visibility, the are normally designated as fire team intermediate scouting fire team is normally ordered to precede the objectives by the fire team leader. The fire team leader platoon at the limit of visibility, maintaining visual sets as many fire team intermediate objectives as contact with the platoon commander. necessary to maintain mutual supportwithin the team. This process is repeated until the team can be covered Action in Woods by other elements of the rifle platoon. When a scouting fire team is directed to advance over A scouting fire team takes advantage of available open ground to the edge of a woodline, two members cover and concealment without delaying its advance. of the team, preferably the rifleman and assistant The orders of the platoon commander govern the automatic rifleman, reconnoiter inside the woodline distance at which it precedes the platoon. The terrain while the remainder of the fire team covers them. It is and the probable position of the enemy affect the not recommended they separate until finished with scouting fire team's distance in front of the platoon. It their reconnaissance of the far side of the danger area. may be as much as 400 to 600 meters in advance of the Both members staying together can cover the same platoon. In open terrain, the platoon commander area using a zigzag reconnaissance and they are better usually directs that the scouting fire team move by equipped to overcome any opposition. bounds to a succession of intermediate objectives. In In heavy underbrush and/or poor visibility, the rifleman and assistant automatic rifleman proceed into With platoon in the woodline together for 50 to 60 meters. The two woods, scouts then separate, searching out either flank to the first reach open field and see house high ground or limits of observation, probably 50 to ahead. They signal 100 meters (see fig. 7-4 on page 7-4). After the initial halt, meaning that search and out posting the limit of advance, the re- the platoon should not advance maining scout signals the fire team forward. beyond this point. Reconnaissance In light underbrush and/or good visibility, the assistant shows house to be automatic rifleman remains at the edge of the clear. Scouts woodline while the rifleman searches the woodline. signal forward I and proceed. (see fig. 7-5 on page 7-5). The rifleman searches the woodline in a zigzag pattern, reports back to the assistant automatic rifleman, then moves to an outpost Crossing open space, scout sees position position at the limit of advance. In turn, the fire team from which machine- leader signals the platoon commander that it is safe for gun may sweep this the platoon to move forward. area. He signals double time and points to the MG The fire team leader then moves the remainder of the position meaning this fire team into the woods, joining up with the forward area is dangerous. From that point scout manning the outpost. The scouting fire team platoon should hurry across. occupies and holds a line 50 to 75 meterswithin the woods and observes toward the direction ofmovement Scout reconnoiters until the platoon closes up. The scouting fire team for a short distance leader awaits further word from the platoon com- into woods. Finding mander before moving the team further into the edge of woods to be unoccupied, another woods. scout returns to edge of woods and signals forward. When directed, the scouting fire teamleader moves the They both enter team forward until they reach the far edge of the woods and wait for woods. The team is held at the edge of the woods and platoon to close up. the fire team leader notifies the platooncommander of the situation. The platoon commander moves the Figure 7-3. Conduct of Scouts platoon to a position where it can cover the scouting Preceding a Platoon. --- PAGE 44 --- 7-4 MCWP 3-11.3 )5 ? — —0— (CJf3 A 3 A- Both scouts enter woodline. B- Scouts separate. C- Scouts link up; one scout stops and signals all clear to the fire team leader. The other scout again advances into the woods. 0-Outpost position of scout. Figure 7-4. Searching Edge of a Woodline (Dense Underbrush/Poor Visibility). fire team as it exits the woods and directs the team Action Under Fire leader to move out and continue the scouting mission. When a scouting fire team is fired upon, they im- A scouting fire team passing through woods ahead of mediately take cover, locate targets, and return fire. its unit maintains a distance allowing visual and oral The scouting fire team leader then determines— communications. If an obstacle is encountered, reconnaissance to its front and flanks must be carried • Location of enemy (range and reference points). out. When advancing along a road or path, scouts • Extent of position (location of flanks). precede the platoon to provide necessary protection • Types of positions (obstacles, bunkders, fighting and to prevent surprise fire on the platoon. When holes, etc.). crossing a road or path, they reconnoiter well to the • Number of enemy. flanks before signaling "all clear" to the platoon. • Enemy weapons (machine guns, mortars, tanks, etc.). The scouting fire team will not exit the woods until the arrival of the platoon commander, who will then be The platoon commander assesses the situation as given an opportunity to alter the disposition or quickly as possible based on the limited information direction of march. The point where the platoon exits obtained. Usually the platoon commander brings up the woods is considered a danger area where the the remaining squads, sets up a base of fire, and as- platoon is vulnerable to enemy fire. The scouting fire saults the enemy position. Should the enemy position team is sent ahead to reconnoiter the danger area, as prove too strong for the platoon, the platoon remains well as the next area to be occupied by the platoon. engaged with the enemy as a base of fire until the re- They signal back whether conditions require a halt, an mainder of the company is committed to clear the advance or a quick rush across the open area. The enemy resistance. scouting fire team leader must be continually on the lookout for signals from the rear. --- PAGE 45 --- Scouting and Patrolling 7-5 7004. ACTION WITH AN ENVELOPING UNIT When a platoon is given the mission to envelop an enemy position, a scouting fire team is employed for protection and reconnaissance in the same way as when the platoon is advancing in the approach march. A- Both scouts enter woods. Assistant automatic rifleman remains here and covers forward movement of rifleman. B through G - Rifleman moves to these positions, stopping and observing before moving to next position. G to A - Rifleman reports results of his search to the assistant automatic rifleman. A to H - Rifleman moves to out-post position. Figure 7-5. Searching Edge of a Wood line (Light Underbrush/Good Visibility). --- PAGE 47 --- PART 2. INFANTRY PATROLLING CHAPTER 8. FUNDAMENTALS OF INFANTRY PATROLLING This chapter begins Part 2 and provides basic information about infantry patrols; specifically, their purpose, types, and missions. Infantry patrol training is also addressed and keys to successful patrolling are presented. Subsequent chapters of this part cover patrol organization, preparation, movement, and reconnaissance actions. information. Modern warfare places a high premium 8001. DEFINITIONS on effective patrolling because units have larger areas of operations and can be threatened from all directions. As distances between units increase, more A patrol is a detachment of ground, sea or air forces patrolling becomes necessary to prevent infiltration by sent out for the purpose of gathering information or guerrillas or small enemy units, as well as to maintain carrying out a destructive, harassing, mopping-up or contact with friendly adjacent units. Active patrolling security mission (Joint Publication [JP] 1-02). The by numerous small groups is needed to locate the mission to conduct a patrol may be given to a fire enemy and gather information on the enemy's team, squad, platoon or company. disposition, strength, morale, and weapons, as well as gather and confirm information about the terrain. 8002. RELATION OF PATROLLING TO SCOUTING 8004. TYPES OF PATROLS Each patrol member must be knowledgeable in the Classification as to Mission principles of scouting and maintain membership of a larger team. To develop the teamwork skills required Reconnaissance Patrol among the members of a patrol, additional training patrols gather information about the Reconnaissance beyond the basic principles is necessary to become a enemy, terrain or resources. Relying on stealth rather well-trained scout. A patrol member must respond than combat strength, they gather this information and quickly to the decisions and orders of the patrol leader. fight only when necessary to complete the mission or There must be complete confidence among all to defend themselves. The distance covered by re- members of the patrol and the confidence that they, as connaissance patrols varies based on the terrain and a team, will be successful in theirmission. mission. The squad is ideally suited for reconnaissance patrol missions because of its relative small size and its experience of working together. 8003. PURPOSE CombatPatrol A combat patrol is a fighting patrol assigned missions A commander must have current information about that require engagement with the enemy in combat. the enemy and the terrain in order to employ the unit Larger and more heavily armed than reconnaissance effectively. Patrols are an important means of gaining patrols, combat patrols have a mission to capture this information and are used to destroy enemy enemy documents, provide security, and capture or installations, capture enemy personnel, perform destroy enemy equipment and installations. Such security missions or prevent the enemy from gaining action is ordinarily followed by a return to friendly --- PAGE 48 --- 8-2 MCWP 3-11.3 positions. Regardless of the mission, the patrol reports Helicopterborne Patrols any information concerning the enemy and terrain Where terrain is extremely difficult or the enemy acquired during the accomplishment of the assigned situation precludes the use of vehicle or motorized mission. There are four types of combat patrols: raid, patrols, helicopterborne patrols are a method or means contact, ambush, and security (normally conducted by to conduct a patrol. a Marine rifle platoon). A rifle platoon reinforced with crew-served weapons is normally considered the minimum size for contact, economy of force or ambush patrols. In some situations, such as the capture 8005. TRAINING of a small enemy outpost, a rifle platoon could conduct a raid. However, a raid is a complex mission and, due to the organization of a raid force (command, recon- Training is essential to successful patrolling. naissance, assault, support, security, and reserve ele- Premature and unordered actions by members of the ments), a rifle company is normally the smallest force patrol destroy coordination and control. Leaders are assigned to a raid. trained to issue their orders calmly to inspire confidence and discipline, and to avoid misunder- standing. Patrol members must work together and Classification as to Means of Movement fight as a team. Training should develop the following skills: Foot Patrols Movement by foot is the most common means; • Expertise in handling individual and special however, there are inherent disadvantages. Foot weapons, and familiarity with enemy weapons that patrols travel slowly and carry limited quantity and may be captured. types of equipment and supplies. Range and area • Recognize camouflaged personnel, equipment, and coverage is relatively restricted. Foot patrols also have defensive positions; ability to pick up fleeting apparent advantages in that they have fewer targets fire the rifle from any firing position. restrictions as to terrain that can be covered; are more • Understand fire discipline and, after weapon firing, difficult for the enemy to detect; provide thorough immediately change position (see fig. 8-1). coverage within limits of range; and are generally not • Quick and accurate observation skills, and the inhibited by weather. ability to recall and transmit clearly and briefly, both orally and in writing. Motorized Patrols Where terrain and road networks permit, a motorized patrol overcomes the inherent disadvantages of the foot patrol. Mechanized forces require patrolling units that can keep pace with them. However, motorized patrols are restricted to certain types of terrain, and tend to bypass areas that may be advantageous to and occupied by enemy infantry. Waterborne Patrols Waterbomepatrols move over seas, lakes, rivers and streams, canals, and other inland waterways. The water is either used as a medium of entry to an objective area or is the actual patrol route. Waterborne patrols are limited by the location of water routes in the terrain and tend to bypass areas that may be advantageous to and occupied by the enemy. Figure 8-1. Changing Position After Firing. --- PAGE 49 --- Scouting and Patrolling 8-3 • Recognize and quickly respond to improvised 8006. KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL signals, visually or by sound. PATROLLING • Ability to swim with weapon and equipment. • Use issued or improvised camouflage suits and garnish helmet in order to blend with the surround- Regardless of the category or means of conducting a ings. Smudge face, hands, and any bright surfaces patrol, the keys to successful patrolling are— of weapons and equipment with some substance, Detailed planning. Every portion of the patrol must such as mud or charcoal, to prevent the reflection of be planned, all possible contingencies considered. light. • Productive, realistic rehearsals. Each phase of the • Silence self, equipment, and weapon. patrol is rehearsed, beginning with actions in the • Use antimalarial and waterpurification tablets. objective area. Similar terrain and environmental • Acclimation to temperature extremes. conditions are used when conducting rehearsals. • Develop a sense of direction and learn how to • Thorough reconnaissance. Ideally, the patrol leader follow a course by compass, stars, sun, flow of will physically conduct a reconnaissance of the streams, prominent terrain features, and by route and objective. Photographs andlor maps will observing other natural phenomenon. Learn to be used to supplement the reconnaissance. determine the distance traveled from a known point • Positive control. The patrol leader must maintain and to keep a record of azimuths and the distance positive control, this includes supervision during traveled on each azimuth (dead reckoning). patrol preparations. • Call for and adjust indirectfire assets. • All-around security. Security must be maintained at all times, particularly near the end of the patrol • Familiarization with all communications assets and where there is a natural tendency to relax. the use of field expedient antennae.